Flora and Fauna that can be found Inhabiting
the Dragon Run Watershed this Month
Archival Index - Scroll down for past articles
April 2025 Partridge Berry, Turkey Tail March 2025 Gray Squirrel, Cellophane Bee February 2025 Magnolia Jumping Spider, Striped Wintergreen January 2025 Skunk Cabbage, American Mink December 2024 Yellow-rumped Warbler November 2024 Crayfish, Bats October 2024 Virginia Opossum, Common Buttonbush September 2024 - Great Blue Heron, Shellfish August 2024 - Chicken of the Woods, Greenbier July 2024 - Downy Rattlesnake Plantain, Whirligig Beetle June 2024 - Southern Leopard Frog, Slime Molds May 2024 Spatterdock, Common Duckweed Apr.2024 Plantain Pussytoes, Zebra Swallowtail Mar. 2024 Northern Spicebush, Spotted Turtle Feb 2024 Red-Headed Woodpecker, White-Tailed Deer Jan. 2024 Rusty Blackbird, Beaver in Winter Dec. 2023 Frogs Nov. 2023 Eastern Grey Squirrel, Bald Cypress Oct. 2023 Carolina Satyr, Poison Ivy Sept. 2023 Fungi Aug. 2023 Raccoons, Water Striders Jul. 2023 Lizard's Tail, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Dragonflies Jun. 2023 Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, Pickerelweed, Barred Owl, Ebony Jewelwing May 2023 Beaver, Mayapple, Turtles Apr. 2023 Marbled Salamander, Northern Water snake, Prothonotary Warbler Mar. 2023 Spring Beauty, Wood Duck, Bloodroot Feb. 2023 Christmas Fern, Bald Eagle, Round Lobed Hepatica Jan. 2023 Muskrat, Club mosses Dec. 2022 Northern Flicker, Cranefly Orchid, N. Amer. River Otter Nov. 2022 Swamp Tupelo, Smartweed Caterpillar, Common Persimmon Oct. 2022 White Turtlehead, Fowler's Toad, Winterberry Sept. 2022 Tiger Swallowtail, Horsemint, Great Black Digger Wasp, Beech Blight Aphid
May 2025
Swamp Dock, Rumex verticillatus by Maeve Coker
In Virginia, we have eight species species of dock in the Rumex genus. Of those eight, only three are native to Virginia. Swamp Dock is one of those lovely native species that can be found all over the Dragon Run watershed in a variety of wetland types. It most frequently occurs in alluvial swamps, often in shallower waters among the emergent vegetation between the main river channel and the shoreline. It can also be found in beaver ponds, flooded pools, and the tidal freshwater marshes of the lower Dragon Run. Although most of our Rumex species can be quite weedy and problematic, Swamp Dock is a relatively conservative plant, and is a good indicator of healthy habitat and undisturbed soils. It is also very tolerant of fluctuating water levels, and can often times, co-dominate the herb layer in bottomland forests early in the growing season when water levels tend to be their highest. Unlike other dock species, it has a higher shade tolerance, and can be found growing in full sun to dappled sun under the canopy of trees.
The elongated, lance-shaped leaves are easily recognizable, even before the plant begins to flower in May. Swamp Dock is monoecious, with separate staminate and pistillate flowers, meaning that it has both male and female flowers on each plant. The long, pedicellate flowers and subsequent fruits give the appearance of little grass skirts along the length of the flower stalks. This makes Swamp Dock one of the easiest docks to identify.
The elongated, lance-shaped leaves are easily recognizable, even before the plant begins to flower in May. Swamp Dock is monoecious, with separate staminate and pistillate flowers, meaning that it has both male and female flowers on each plant. The long, pedicellate flowers and subsequent fruits give the appearance of little grass skirts along the length of the flower stalks. This makes Swamp Dock one of the easiest docks to identify.
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While the flowers of Swamp Dock are wind pollinated, the leaves support a wide range of insects, including weevils and stinkbugs, a variety of moth caterpillars, and several aphid species. The seeds of Swamp Dock are also a great food source for many of our overwintering sparrows, including Swamp, Song, and White-throated Sparrows. Red-winged Blackbirds are also known to forage on the seeds.
Keep an eye out for Swamp Dock blooming during the spring paddle season, or for the freshly mature seeds on a summer paddle! |
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April 2025
Partridgeberry by Patricia Anderson
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If you hike through the Dragon Run property, you’ll often discover a short tiny green plant hiding in leaf litter. The woodland forests of the Dragon provides perfect conditions for this perennial plant. Partridge-berry grows in shady and loamy acidic soils and has been identified in every county in Virginia.
Partridgeberry can be identified by the single berry that appears on paired two dark, shiny leaves. If you find one partridgeberry you most likely will find a mat of them as they send out a runner that will root at the leaf node. In May and June two pinkish-white, soft fringed flowers appear on each plant. The plant is dependent on insects to pollinate them. Beginning in July a single red berry appears after pollination. The tiny (1/2 inch or less) red berry often lasts throughout the year, providing food for birds and mammals and a bit of color in the winter landscape. You can tell by its name that game birds like turkeys, grouse and bobwhites enjoy the berries, as do small mammals like skunks, fox and white footed mice. While the plant is not poisonous to humans, the berries are not very tasty. Indigenous people made a tea out of the berries which was used to reduce labor pain and for healing after birth. Partridgeberry, Mitchella repens, was named by Carl Linnaeus for his friend, Dr. John Mitchell. MItchella honors Dr. Mitchell and repens means creeping in Latin. Dr. Mitchell was born in 1711 in Lancaster County, VA. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh returning to Urbanna, VA as a physician in 1734. In his spare time, he studied botany and natural history. In 1746 he returned to Britain and two years later he was inducted into the Royal Society due to his vast knowledge of exotic botany and study of natural history. It’s fun to imagine that Dr. Mitchell explored the Dragon Run as he studied natural history, discovering our little partridge-berries. |
photo by Pat Anderson
photo by Anne Parker
photo by Tom Crockett
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Turkey Tail by Ann Kildahl
The Turkey Tail, Trametes versicolor, is one of the bracket fungi you might be lucky enough to see in the Dragon Run watershed. It is often confused with False Turkey Tail, Stereum ostrea. The best way to tell the difference is by looking at the underside of the mushroom. A turkey tail's underside will be bright white and full of pores, while the false turkey tail's underside will be greyish or yellowish and leathery, with no visible pores.
Fungi belong to their own kingdom and get their nutrients and energy from organic matter, rather than photosynthesis like plants. The turkey tail is usually found on the trunks and stumps of dead or dying trees, especially hardwoods such as oak, beech and maple, and plays an important role in the ecosystem by aiding in the decomposition of dead wood and the recycling of nutrients. It is found throughout North America and many parts of the world.
A common polypore mushroom, the turkey tail gets its name from its visual resemblance to a turkey's tail, due to its colored bands that vary from brown and yellow to grey, blue, orange and white. The turkey tail forms thin, semi-circular caps, 2-10 centimeters wide, that are hard to the touch, with velvet-like, concentric rings of color. The outer-most area is always a pale cream or white. The caps are often layered together, forming tiers.
Drawn to this fungus by its beautiful rings and evocative name on a recent hike in the Dragon, I was surprised to learn that it has been recognized for centuries in traditional Asian medicine and was described as having “immense medicinal properties” in a recent journal article (Current Opinion in Food Science 2024, 58:101191). The turkey tail mushroom has been sold as a purified supplement that is used as a complementary treatment for various forms of cancer, for its antimicrobial properties, and to promote healthy gut bacteria. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the product as a medication in the United States. Readers are reminded never to eat wild mushrooms, which may cause severe illness or even death.
Fungi belong to their own kingdom and get their nutrients and energy from organic matter, rather than photosynthesis like plants. The turkey tail is usually found on the trunks and stumps of dead or dying trees, especially hardwoods such as oak, beech and maple, and plays an important role in the ecosystem by aiding in the decomposition of dead wood and the recycling of nutrients. It is found throughout North America and many parts of the world.
A common polypore mushroom, the turkey tail gets its name from its visual resemblance to a turkey's tail, due to its colored bands that vary from brown and yellow to grey, blue, orange and white. The turkey tail forms thin, semi-circular caps, 2-10 centimeters wide, that are hard to the touch, with velvet-like, concentric rings of color. The outer-most area is always a pale cream or white. The caps are often layered together, forming tiers.
Drawn to this fungus by its beautiful rings and evocative name on a recent hike in the Dragon, I was surprised to learn that it has been recognized for centuries in traditional Asian medicine and was described as having “immense medicinal properties” in a recent journal article (Current Opinion in Food Science 2024, 58:101191). The turkey tail mushroom has been sold as a purified supplement that is used as a complementary treatment for various forms of cancer, for its antimicrobial properties, and to promote healthy gut bacteria. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the product as a medication in the United States. Readers are reminded never to eat wild mushrooms, which may cause severe illness or even death.
March 2025
The Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, by Carol Kauffman
Squirrels. We have a love/hate relationship with this small furry rodent. They raid bird feeders, chew holes in just about everything, and dart out in front of our cars. But they also do so much good. Squirrels are responsible for “planting” oak trees when they cache acorns. Oak trees support 897 caterpillar species and are hosts for more Lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) than any other plant studied. By also distributing a variety of seeds across a wider area, squirrels can help maintain a diverse forest ecosystem like the Dragon Run watershed.
Squirrels gather 3000 to 10,000 nuts a year, and choose which ones to eat and which ones to cache for later. They will more likely eat a white oak than a red oak acorn because a white oak acorn will sprout sooner and be inedible in the winter. Squirrels have excellent memories and can remember where they buried nuts in hundreds of places.
Squirrels gather 3000 to 10,000 nuts a year, and choose which ones to eat and which ones to cache for later. They will more likely eat a white oak than a red oak acorn because a white oak acorn will sprout sooner and be inedible in the winter. Squirrels have excellent memories and can remember where they buried nuts in hundreds of places.
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In the Dragon, squirrels help to propagate bald cypress. They eat the bald cypress seeds while also dropping seeds into the water. Bald cypress seeds need to spend at least 1-3 months submerged in order to germinate. Squirrels also contribute to the spread of fungi through their droppings after eating mushrooms. They are prey for various animals like hawks, owls, foxes, and weasels, contributing to the food chain.
Grey Squirrels are medium sized, weigh about a pound, and live 6 to 12 years. These rodents make a sloppy nest, called a 'drey' out of twigs, leaves, and strips of bark in a fork of a branch, high up in the tree canopy. They prefer deciduous trees. Females may have two litters of three to four young a year. Nesting in early spring and again in late summer. Like other rodents, squirrels’ teeth grow continuously. Hopefully the next time you find these little fluff balls raiding your bird feeders you will remember their benefits. You can still tell them to go find their own seeds and nuts. |
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Cellophane Bee, Colletes genus, by Anne Parker
photos by Anne Parker
photos by Anne Parker
An aggregation of Blueberry Cellophane Bees. Each bee has their own hole. (FODR Revere property)
The heart-shaped face of a female Unequal Cellophane Bee peeking out of her hole in mid February.
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Last March I noticed a number of small anthill-type mounds in the middle of the road and parking area at the FODR kayak launch. Closer inspection revealed not ants, but honeybee-sized bees peeking out of holes about the size of a #2 pencil eraser. Anyone in attendance that day heard me start gushing about Cellophane Bees. Cellophane Bees are solitary ground nesting bees, digging their solitary nests in aggregations (areas with groups of holes, numbering from just a few to hundreds.) The female bees will often sit in their holes with only their faces peeking out while the males fly back and forth over the aggregate area. While this behavior may look scary, Cellophane Bees are not aggressive. Only female bees can sting, and female Cellophane Bees are quite shy and will vanish into their holes as soon as they notice you. According to Virginia Natural Heritage, we have 18 species of Cellophane Bees (Colletes sp.) in Virginia. Each of these species has their life cycle timed to emerge with a particular group or groups of flowering plants. During their relatively short adult lifespan, the female bees will dig tunnels and create individual water-tight nesting chambers. Cellophane Bees get their name from the substance that they secrete to line their nesting chambers, a clear plastic-like substance that protects the growing bee and its mother-provided food (a liquid nectar and pollen mixture) from moisture and mold. Two species have been documented on FODR properties: The Unequal Cellophane Bee, Colletes inaequalis, is one of our earliest pollinators, emerging in our area in February when the Red Maple trees begin to flower. The Blueberry Cellophane Bee, C. validus, emerges for its lifecycle at the same time that blueberry bushes are flowering. They have the longest face of all our Cellophane Bees and specialize in gathering pollen and nectar from the inside of urn-shaped flowers like blueberries. Other Cellophane Bee species come out later in the year and depend on different sets of flowering plants. So the next time you see a group of what seems to be anthills, take another look and see if you have found one of our native pollinators, a Cellophane Bee. |
February 2025
Magnolia Jumping Spider, Lyssomanes viridis, by David Yeager
- photos by David Yeager at our Eagles Nest property
- photos by David Yeager at our Eagles Nest property
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Hiding in a warm and humid forest, the Magnolia Green Jumping Spider waits on the underside of a leaf to ambush its prey. These jumping spiders are notably small, with adult females measuring between 7-8mm and males slightly smaller at 5-6mm.
The female (which can be partially translucent green) will typically lay her eggs on the underside of a leaf and then spin a silk webbing over the eggs to protect them. The clutch will consist of 25 to 70 pale green eggs that are about 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter. They will hatch after 1 to 4 weeks depending on environmental conditions. After hatching, the juveniles will molt 5-8 times before they reach adulthood with molting occurring more frequently when they are younger as they grow more rapidly. The female can live from 1 to 2 years and will typically lay 1 clutch per year in May-June, while the males have a shorter lifespan of several months to a year. Like all jumping spiders, the Magnolia Green Jumping Spider is an ambush predator that stalks and pounces on its prey. It does not spin a web for hunting, instead it uses its silk for safety lines when jumping and for egg protection. Their hunting technique includes the ability to jump distances up to three to four times their body length, allowing them to capture various small insects like aphids, mites, springtails and ants. After pouncing on their prey, they will use their chelicerae (fangs) to inject venom, paralyzing or killing it before consuming it. Their vision system is remarkably complex with 8 eyes arranged in 3 rows. The largest and most prominent eyes are the Anterior Median Eyes (AME), which are located at the front center. They provide high-resolution color vision and are used for detailed observation of prey. Unlike human eyes that adjust focus by changing the shape of the lens, the retinas move within the AME and can move independently. |
Female Magnolia Jumping Spider
Eggs
Male Magnolia Jumping Spider
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Striped Wintergreen by Adrienne Frank
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Chimaphila maculate has many common names Striped Wintergreen, Spotted Wintergreen, Prince’s Plume or Pine, Dragon’s Tongue, Spotted Pipsissewa, and others. It is a small perennial and evergreen plant found in the Dragon Run and is native to North America. The plants are found in well-drained ground on old-growth forest floors. They are tolerant of shade and acidic soils; they may depend on mycorrhizal connections to survive.
It has dark green, variegated leaves typically smaller than 3 inches in length. The dark green leaves and white midrib stripe are distinct when you see it on the forest floor, especially in the fall and winter months. The plant has creeping rhizomes and so another set of leaves will appear close-by out of the leaf litter. |
Typically, the oppositely arranged leaves come in one or two pairs near the base of the stem. A single whorl of larger leaves are placed slightly higher on this small plant. The texture of the oval-shaped leaves are somewhat leathery and the edges have widely spaced teeth. While the top of the leaf us dark, the underside is lighter green.
Wintergreen flowers in the late spring to early summer, and lasts about two weeks. The plant sends up a reddish stalk up to approximately 10 inches tall. It produces small round nodding (hanging) flowers either white or pinkish with a pleasant fragrance. The five-petal flower opens from a ball and shows 10 tiny stamens and a green stigma. After flowering, a capsule forms and its seeds are dispersed by wind. Flowers are cross-pollinated by bees and other insects use nectar from the flowers. The foliage is regarded as toxic to sheep and deer avoid eating it. Native Americans used it medicinally; its leaves made tea to treat stomach issues, sores, or rheumatism.
Wintergreen flowers in the late spring to early summer, and lasts about two weeks. The plant sends up a reddish stalk up to approximately 10 inches tall. It produces small round nodding (hanging) flowers either white or pinkish with a pleasant fragrance. The five-petal flower opens from a ball and shows 10 tiny stamens and a green stigma. After flowering, a capsule forms and its seeds are dispersed by wind. Flowers are cross-pollinated by bees and other insects use nectar from the flowers. The foliage is regarded as toxic to sheep and deer avoid eating it. Native Americans used it medicinally; its leaves made tea to treat stomach issues, sores, or rheumatism.
January 2025
Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) by Anne Atkins
The green and burgundy color helps camouflage skunk cabbage blooms.
Skunk cabbage blooms are among the first signs of the new year, typically appearing in December and January. These unique plants thrive in wetlands and swampy areas. Their inflorescence, or flower structure, consists of a stumpy spadix that houses the reproductive organs and is partially enclosed by a hood-like spathe. The spathe, with its mottled green and burgundy coloring, helps camouflage the bloom.
Remarkably, skunk cabbage generates its own heat through a process called thermogenesis, allowing it to bloom even when the ground is frozen or snow-covered. The air temperature around the bloom can be as much as 36°F warmer than the surrounding environment. This warmth, combined with a distinct skunk-like odor, attracts early pollinators such as gnats, carrion flies, and beetles. Opportunistic spiders sometimes spin webs across the spathe opening to trap visiting pollinators.
Skunk cabbage grows from a rhizome, a horizontal underground stem that sends out roots and leaves. The rhizomes can reach up to a foot long.
Note how the hood-like spathe partially covers the spadix.
Contractile roots pull the plant deeper into the soil each year and the dense root system makes the plant nearly impossible to dig up. Thanks to this robust root system, skunk cabbage can live for centuries.
The plant’s large leaves emerge in early March and typically disappear by mid-July to August. Skunk cabbage provides sustenance to a variety of animals found in the Dragon Run watershed, including muskrats, snapping turtles, turkeys, wood ducks, snails, and millipedes. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used skunk cabbage for food and medicine. They neutralized its harmful calcium oxalate crystals by thoroughly drying and extensively cooking the leaves. Consuming the leaves raw, however, can cause severe pain and swelling due to the sharp crystals.
The plant’s large leaves emerge in early March and typically disappear by mid-July to August. Skunk cabbage provides sustenance to a variety of animals found in the Dragon Run watershed, including muskrats, snapping turtles, turkeys, wood ducks, snails, and millipedes. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used skunk cabbage for food and medicine. They neutralized its harmful calcium oxalate crystals by thoroughly drying and extensively cooking the leaves. Consuming the leaves raw, however, can cause severe pain and swelling due to the sharp crystals.
American Mink, Neogale vison, by Jack Kauffman
American Mink - photo by Teta Kain
Mink on beaver dam in Dragon Run
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I know they are in the Dragon, but I haven’t seen them. Teta Kain, who has spent more time on the Dragon than anyone I know, had taken a good photo of a mink years ago and we have seen them on our trail cameras.
The American mink is a semiaquatic carnivore that feeds mostly on fish but also eats rodents (mice and muskrats), crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Eagles, great horned owls, coyote, fox, and bobcats prey on the American mink. Because they are predominantly nocturnal, they are pretty allusive. They measure 12 – 18 inches and weigh 1-3 pounds. Their fur is black/tawny. Like other members of the Mustelidae family, they have long bodies and short legs. The mink is a great diver and can slow its heart rate to conserve oxygen when in pursuit of fish. They have excellent eyesight, can hear well enough to identify rodents underground, but have a weak sense of smell. They have scent glands that are used for marking territory and for defense. Many believe the mink's smell to be worse than that of a skunk. Territories range from 0.6 to 3.7 miles with little intra sex overlap; but with extensive overlap of the opposite sex. As long as it is close to water, the American mink is not fussy about its choice of den. Mink make long narrow tunnels in river banks to get to their dens which typically are about a foot in diameter. Often there are multiple entrances to the dens. |
The American mink is promiscuous and does not form bonds with their mates. They begin to breed in February. Females will mate with multiple males. I find it extremely interesting and unusual that the females have the ability to delay implantation of the fertilized egg (from 8 to 45 days) and thus select a preferred place and time for the birth of her offspring. Gestation is 30 – 32 days after implantation. On average, four kits are born between April and June. One litter can contain kits from multiple sires. The kits eye’s open after 25 days and they are weened after five weeks. They start hunting with their mother by 8 weeks and will be fully independent by autumn. Mink reach sexual maturity by February, and have an average lifespan in the wild of 3 – 6 years.
I’ll keep looking and maybe someday I will be as fortunate as Teta to see this amazing predator on the Dragon.
I’ll keep looking and maybe someday I will be as fortunate as Teta to see this amazing predator on the Dragon.
December 2024
Yellow-rumped Warbler, Setophaga coronata, by Maeve Coker
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The Yellow-rumped Warbler is a small songbird belonging to the wood warbler family that mostly inhabits the woodlands of North America. In the United States, there are two subspecies of Yellow-rumped Warbler, the Myrtle and Audubon’s, that many scientists believe should be split into distinct species. They both are aptly named for their bright yellow rump that shines bright even in their non-breeding plumage. Audubon’s Warbler differs from the Myrtle in that it has a yellow throat and lacks the black eye mask that Myrtle’s have.
This species breeds from coniferous and mixed forests in the far northeastern United States to the boreal forests of Canada to Alaska. There is also a small population that breeds in the high elevations of the Appalachians, which has expanded its range into Virginia in recent years. In the Dragon Run watershed we find the Myrtle subspecies from October to early May. The Myrtle warbler is unique in our area in that it is only one of two species of warbler that can be reliably found during the winter. During the growing season, they feed primarily on different flying insects and the caterpillars of numerous moths and butterflies. The winter, however, presents a unique challenge for Myrtle warblers when most insects go dormant in response to the cold weather and reduced sunlight. Instead of migrating on a long and perilous journey to Central America until warm weather returns, the Myrtle warbler has become uniquely adapted to digest the energy rich and striking fruit of our native shrub, the wax myrtle. This shrub thrives in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Dragon Run watershed, most commonly in moist sunny clearings, mixed forests, and well managed pine plantations. A second favorite food are poison ivy berries, which can be found on trees along the flood-scoured shorelines of the Dragon Run. |
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November 2024
Crayfish, Astacidae - by V. Ross Johnson
photo by Dave Yeager
There are at the latest count over 40 different species of Crayfish in Virginia; we just never see them as they prefer to be alone and are nocturnal unless mating conditions are ideal. These fresh water, miniature lobster looking creatures provide evidence of their presence in the “chimneys” that they build when digging what can be extensive living space tunnels in the ground. They mound the diggings around the entrance to protect it and increase ventilation. These chambers must be deep enough to reach the ground water where the "mudbug" will live most of its 1-20 year life. Only coming out to forage and mate.
Crawfish are opportunistic creatures who will eat almost anything: plants, insect larvae, small fish, tadpoles, worms and leaf litter. They mate in the fall and the female will hold the fertilized eggs under her tail until spring when they will hatch looking like miniature versions of Mom. They will molt several times while still attached to Mom, and then find their way into the world before Mom decides they are starting to look tasty!
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Crawfish have blue blood caused by a copper based pigment called hemocyanin.
Though crayfish eat many things, they also provide sustenance to many creatures. Their burrows are excellent for providing irrigation and moving nutrients around in the soil. Their feeding habits help to clean up the plant detritus. Thus they are a stellar contributor to the happy environment at Dragon Run. Resources: Brittanica Chesapeake Bay Program VA Department of Forestry - Castles in the Field Missouri Dept of Conservation |
Devil Crayfish Chesapeake Bay Foundation
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Bats by Lindsay Fisher, FODR Summer Intern
Eastern Red - photo courtesy of DWR
“‘I want to suck your blood’? I’d rather eat your bugs!” – Virginia bats
Despite what Halloween may lead you to believe, bats are not Dracula in disguise. Rather, bats are friends to ecosystems around the world, serving as pest control and even pollinators.
Bats make up two major groups: Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera. Microchiroptera is an insect-eating type of bat found in Virginia and contains two smaller groups: cave bats and tree bats. As the names suggest, cave bats hibernate in caves, while tree bats hibernate in the cavities of trees, woodpiles, and loose rock. Cave bats tend to form larger groups during winter hibernation, while tree bats are more solitary. Of the 17 species of bat in Virginia, FODR has recorded 7 in the watershed: Big Brown, Eastern Red, Evening, Hoary, Little Brown, Silver-haired, and Tri-colored bats.
Bats evolved about 65 million years ago and are the only mammals capable of sustained flight. As part of the Order Chiroptera, meaning “hand wing,” bats are particularly impressive fliers. Elongated fingers along their wings allow bats to hover, fly backward, dive, and roll in the air.
These flying feats, combined with echolocation, make bats experts at catching insects, a staple of the Microchiroptera bat diet. Echolocation is the ability of bats to emit high-frequency sound waves that bounce off insects and other objects, returning an echo that provides the bat with information about its distance, direction, and size. This hunt for insects is one reason bats are so ecologically important, keeping populations of flies, moths, and mosquitos under control. Some bats may eat up to 3,000 insects in one night!
Want to dispel more myths about their 'bat' reputation? Visit: https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/bats/
Want to dispel more myths about their 'bat' reputation? Visit: https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/bats/
October 2024
Virginia Opossum by Terry Skinner
In 1608 Captain John Smith wrote, "An Opassom hath an head like a Swine, and a taile like a Rat, and is of the bignes of a Cat. Under her belly she hath a bagge, wherein she lodgeth, carrieth, and sucketh her young." Virginia opossums, Didelphis virginiana, are North America’s only marsupial and opossum species. “Opossum” is derived from the Powhatan word “apasum,” which means white, dog-like animal.
Opossums are nocturnal, opportunistic omnivores that eat a lot of creatures we consider pests. They can eat 5000 ticks in a season and also eat cockroaches, poisonous snakes (they are resistant to the venom), mice, and rats. Unfortunately, they are also attracted to roadkill and often end up being hit by cars. Opossums will eat other opossums.
They have 50 teeth, more than any North American land mammal, and long, hairless, prehensile tails with which they grab branches and carry light objects. On their rear feet, they have an opposable, clawless “thumb” making their tracks very distinctive. They are clean animals and groom themselves fastidiously.
If you, or your dog, happens upon a possum it may threaten you by baring its fifty teeth, snapping its jaws, drooling and hissing. If none of this posturing scares you away, it may feign death or “play possum” by limply lying on the ground with mouth and eyes open and tongue lolling out. It may expel its putrid-smelling anal glands.
If you, or your dog, happens upon a possum it may threaten you by baring its fifty teeth, snapping its jaws, drooling and hissing. If none of this posturing scares you away, it may feign death or “play possum” by limply lying on the ground with mouth and eyes open and tongue lolling out. It may expel its putrid-smelling anal glands.
An opossum does not hibernate but is much less active in winter. Breeding season is from December to October. Females have 1 to 3 litters a year of 8 to 9 infants after a gestation of only 11 to 13 days. The honeybee-sized newborns crawl into their mother’s pouch and latch on to one of her 13 teats where they will remain for 2 months. After 2 1⁄2 months more they will leave their mother’s pouch and ride on her back for 2-3 more months. The opossum has a short life of less than 2 years in the wild, but is an important part of our forest ecosystem.
Common Buttonbush, Cephalanthus occidentalis, by Jack Kauffman
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Buttonbush is a deciduous shrub in the Rubiaceae family. It is my favorite plant to point out on the Dragon during paddles. Though we don’t see a lot of them on our paddle trips, there are a few areas where they flourish. In those areas, the water is relatively low (2-3 feet) and there is a good amount of sun.
I am most attracted to their gnarly roots and stems that twist and turn on themselves as they emerge from the water, looking like nature has created a bonsai. Most people are drawn to their flowers. Flowers emerge as small pale green spheres that are barely visible amidst the leaves in June. These little spheres mature into spectacular 1 inch globes of radiating tube-shaped white flowers that are pollinator magnets when in full bloom during July and August. The fragrant flowers are a rich source of pollen and nectar, earning the nickname, honey–balls. |
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Buttonbush flowers attract a wide variety of bees, butterflies, moths, beetles, wasps and flies. We sometimes see Tiger Swallowtails enjoying the buttons during our summer paddle. Buttonbush foliage is host to the larval stages (caterpillars) of local butterflies and moths. Sphinx moths, prometheus moths and wood nymph butterflies are a few local beauties that seek out buttonbush to lay their eggs. By the time our fall paddle season begins, the flowers have turned into globular clusters of small reddish-brown nutlets. Each flower can produce up to 400 seeds, which attracts a variety of wetland birds such as bitterns, wood ducks, black ducks, Canada geese and Virginia rails.
The shrub itself also provides shelter for local wildlife and protects stream and pond edges from erosion. So, if you are paddling with us, ask your guide to point out the buttonbush. This beautiful plant will bring you joy no matter the season. |
Buttonbush trunk
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September 2024
Great Blue Heron by Lindsay Fisher, FODR Summer Intern
photo by Kevin Howe
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If the Northern Cardinal has any competition for the title of the state bird, it would be the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). This adaptable species, equally at home in freshwater or saltwater habitats, is a year-round resident of Virginia. Its range spans most of the United States but holds particular significance in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, where more than half of the East Coast breeding population resides. Known for their long neck and legs, Great Blue Herons grow 4 to 5 feet tall and have a 6 to 7-foot wingspan, making them the largest species of heron in North America! As for plumage, the species is a blue-gray color with a distinctive black stripe above the eye. The plumage of Great Blue Herons is unique because it contains "powder down" feathers, which are specialized feathers on the chest. These feathers are never molted and break down into a fine powder at the tips, which the herons use to clean fish slime and other oils off themselves. This comes in handy after wading through waters to hunt for fish. Standing statue-like, the Great Blue Heron combines patience and precision to stalk fish in shallow waters. The distinctive, s-shaped neck of Great Blue Herons is another characteristic that comes in handy, allowing for quick strikes at prey. While this species mostly hunts for fish, it is also known to eat mice, insects, frogs, and lizards. Despite frequent sightings in the Dragon Run and Chesapeake Bay Watersheds, the Great Blue Heron still faces threats. As a species that lives in fresh and saltwater environments, it is vulnerable to water pollution. However, this vulnerability is also a testament to its importance. As an indicator species, the Great Blue Heron offers valuable insights into the health of Virginia waterways and its many species. |
Shellfish in Dragon Run by Kevin Howe
I think anyone living in coastal Virgina, hears the term “shellfish” several times a week and I bet that salt water species such as oysters or clams or mussels or scallops comes to mind. But guess what – we have at least three shellfish living in our freshwaters as well – even right here Dragon Run. Shellfish is a common name for shelled invertebrates including mollusks (e.g. clams, mussels), crustaceans (e.g. crabs, shrimp) and echinoderms (e.g. starfish, sand dollars)
Dragon Run has at least three species of mollusks that I have seen including a mussel named the Eastern Elliptio, and two clams - the Herrington Fingernailclam and the Asian Clam.
Dragon Run has at least three species of mollusks that I have seen including a mussel named the Eastern Elliptio, and two clams - the Herrington Fingernailclam and the Asian Clam.
The Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea, is from Asia but now widely distributed across Europe, North and South Americas. It is an invasive species that I will write about in the future.
The Eastern Elliptio, Elliptio complanate, is our native common freshwater mussel. It is widespread from Georgia north into Canada and around the Great Lakes. It is fairly large, reaching about five inches. They are filter feeders, so they help to keep our waters clean. Interestingly, the Elliptio, like all mussels, have a complex live history from egg to larvae to adult. The fertilized eggs are brooded in the gills of the female mussel developing into larvae which then must find and attach to the gills of a fish in order to develop. Over weeks or months, they develop and drop to the water bottom to live as a free-living mussel. This mussel can reach about 5 inches.
The Herrington Fingernailclam, Sphaerium occidentale, is much smaller than the Elliptio, barely reaching 2 inches, hence the name. They too are filter feeders found in freshwaters including vernal (temporary) ponds; the other two are not found in temporary ponds.
The Eastern Elliptio, Elliptio complanate, is our native common freshwater mussel. It is widespread from Georgia north into Canada and around the Great Lakes. It is fairly large, reaching about five inches. They are filter feeders, so they help to keep our waters clean. Interestingly, the Elliptio, like all mussels, have a complex live history from egg to larvae to adult. The fertilized eggs are brooded in the gills of the female mussel developing into larvae which then must find and attach to the gills of a fish in order to develop. Over weeks or months, they develop and drop to the water bottom to live as a free-living mussel. This mussel can reach about 5 inches.
The Herrington Fingernailclam, Sphaerium occidentale, is much smaller than the Elliptio, barely reaching 2 inches, hence the name. They too are filter feeders found in freshwaters including vernal (temporary) ponds; the other two are not found in temporary ponds.
Asian Clam
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Eastern Elliptio Mussel
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Herrington Fingernail Clam
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These shellfish are a regular part of the diet of raccoons, otters (yes, they are in Dragon Run), waterbirds and fish. Our local Powhatan people used “pearls” from mussels to decorate their footwear and clothing!
While you will rarely see these live, you will find their shells sometimes along Dragon Run. Fascinating creatures that keep our waters filtered! But about 50% of our native mussels are endangered.
While you will rarely see these live, you will find their shells sometimes along Dragon Run. Fascinating creatures that keep our waters filtered! But about 50% of our native mussels are endangered.
August 2024
Chicken of the Woods by Lindsay Fisher, FODR Summer Intern
- Photos by Anne Parker
- Photos by Anne Parker
Laetiporus cincinnatus
What is bright orange and tastes like chicken?
It’s a fungus! Chicken of the Woods, an edible mushroom of the genus Laetiporus, is said to have the taste and texture of chicken when cooked properly. In the Dragon Run, there are two commonly found species, Laetiporus sulphureus and Laetiporus cincinnatus. While both species have a pale pinkish to bright orange color, the two differ in location and pore color. Laetiporus sulphureus grows on the trunks of trees, while Laetiporus cincinnatus grows at the base of trees from the roots. Sulphureus also has a yellow pore surface on the bottom of its caps, but cincinnatus has a white pore surface.
Both species are parasitic and saprobic. As a parasitic fungus, Chicken of the Woods attaches to hardwood trees as hosts, causing rot in the trunk or roots so that the fungus may extract nutrients. As a saprobic fungus, it also breaks down dead and decaying organisms.
It’s a fungus! Chicken of the Woods, an edible mushroom of the genus Laetiporus, is said to have the taste and texture of chicken when cooked properly. In the Dragon Run, there are two commonly found species, Laetiporus sulphureus and Laetiporus cincinnatus. While both species have a pale pinkish to bright orange color, the two differ in location and pore color. Laetiporus sulphureus grows on the trunks of trees, while Laetiporus cincinnatus grows at the base of trees from the roots. Sulphureus also has a yellow pore surface on the bottom of its caps, but cincinnatus has a white pore surface.
Both species are parasitic and saprobic. As a parasitic fungus, Chicken of the Woods attaches to hardwood trees as hosts, causing rot in the trunk or roots so that the fungus may extract nutrients. As a saprobic fungus, it also breaks down dead and decaying organisms.
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Through this decomposition, Chicken of the Woods serves an important role in the nutrient cycle of the Dragon Run by releasing nutrients back into the soil for other organisms to use. Once this fungus has extracted enough nutrients, it produces the visible fruiting body, which provides food for beetles and deer.
Once the fruiting body has grown, Chicken of the Woods releases spores to reproduce, which the wind carries to suitable hosts. The fungus releases these spores from the underside of its caps, which have many pores. Once the spores have found a suitable location and have germinated, the fruiting body begins to grow. Thus, the cycle starts again! Fruiting typically occurs in late spring to fall, making it the best time to see Chicken of Woods. |
Underbelly
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Greenbrier by Lindsay Fisher, FODR Intern
University of Maryland Extension photo
iNaturalist
Bullbrier. Sawbrier. Devil’s Wrapping Yarn. One need only hear some of the names for Common Greenbrier, Smilax rotundifolia, to understand there are negative connotations surrounding the plant. Though its prickly exterior does no favors endearing it to humans, this thorny, woody vine is nonetheless a vital native plant that supports many other species. Aside from its thorns, Greenbrier is identifiable by its simple, alternate leaves that are heart-shaped to oval. Its long stems are also distinctive, growing up to 20 feet long!
Greenbrier has many interesting characteristics and adaptations that make it so pervasive. Aside from its thorns, Greenbrier has a reputation for being difficult to remove due to its rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally, creating extensive shoot and root systems. Above ground, Greenbrier is just as extensive, using tendrils that grow from the base of its leaf stalks to coil around other plants and climb upward. Furthermore, its above-ground stems can photosynthesize as leaves do, allowing it to persist through winter.
This persistence during the winter is one reason Greenbrier is vital to other local species. While other foliage becomes scarce or unavailable, the leaves of Greenbrier continue to provide food to deer. Furthermore, starting in the fall and continuing through the winter, Greenbrier has small, black berries that sustain many bird species, including the Northern Cardinal. As winter turns to spring and summer, Greenbrier blooms small, yellowish-green flowers that support pollinators and is also a host plant for a few moth species. Beyond providing food, Greenbrier may also grow into thickets, providing shelter for small mammals and birds.
So, the next time Greenbrier pokes you in the side or catches on your shirt, think of all that its thorns protect.
Greenbrier has many interesting characteristics and adaptations that make it so pervasive. Aside from its thorns, Greenbrier has a reputation for being difficult to remove due to its rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally, creating extensive shoot and root systems. Above ground, Greenbrier is just as extensive, using tendrils that grow from the base of its leaf stalks to coil around other plants and climb upward. Furthermore, its above-ground stems can photosynthesize as leaves do, allowing it to persist through winter.
This persistence during the winter is one reason Greenbrier is vital to other local species. While other foliage becomes scarce or unavailable, the leaves of Greenbrier continue to provide food to deer. Furthermore, starting in the fall and continuing through the winter, Greenbrier has small, black berries that sustain many bird species, including the Northern Cardinal. As winter turns to spring and summer, Greenbrier blooms small, yellowish-green flowers that support pollinators and is also a host plant for a few moth species. Beyond providing food, Greenbrier may also grow into thickets, providing shelter for small mammals and birds.
So, the next time Greenbrier pokes you in the side or catches on your shirt, think of all that its thorns protect.
July 2024
Downy Rattlesnake Plantain by Kevin Howe
I bet most people don’t know that Virginia has nearly 70 different species of orchids. True – Virginia has many more species than nearly all other states – Florida has the most with about 106 species but over half (58) of Florida’s are endangered or threatened. Virginia fares better but we still have about 28 taxa that are of special concern – that is to say, they are rare and have some potential for extinction in Virginia.
In the Dragon Run watershed, our Citizen Science group has documented 12 species of orchids including the well-known Pink Lady Slipper, Cypripedium acaule, and a lesser known but abundant orchid, Downy Rattlesnake Plantain, Goodyeara pubescens. Both species occur in every county in Virginia.
The Downy Rattlesnake Plantain is blooming now and will continue for a month or so. They are one of the few orchids in Virginia that are evergreen – their leaves stay green throughout the winter. The leaves are quite distinctive, being a circular basal rosette of oval two-inch-long leaves with white veins (reticulated) – see photos – and the central leaf vein is quite broadly white. It is named because the leaf pattern resembles the white marking of some rattlesnakes (a stretch, I think). The flower spike of tiny dense white-brown flowers arises from this basal rosette. The tiny flowers are fragrant when fresh so, kneel down and take a sniff. FYI – the lawn grass “weed” we call plantain is not at all related but has similar basal rosette. The Downy part of its name comes from tiny “down”-like hairs which cover all parts of the plant.
This orchid is found in both coniferous and deciduous forests and often said it is our most abundant orchid species in eastern North America but often just overlooked. On your next kayak or hike in Dragon Run, have your nature guide point these out – you will be rewarded and never forget them.
This orchid is found in both coniferous and deciduous forests and often said it is our most abundant orchid species in eastern North America but often just overlooked. On your next kayak or hike in Dragon Run, have your nature guide point these out – you will be rewarded and never forget them.
The Whirligig Beetle by Lindsay Fisher, FODR Summer Intern
During the summer, the waters of the Dragon Run are full of unsynchronized swimmers–the Whirligig Beetle. Named for its circular but erratic swimming patterns, it is a type of aquatic beetle from the family Gyrinidae. This family alone has around 700 species worldwide, with 40 species found in the U.S. and Canada. Depending on the species, these beetles range between 1/4 to 3/4 inches in size. In other words, they are slightly smaller than a quarter but oval-shaped with a metallic black or bronze color.
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Both predators and scavengers, these beetles eat the larvae of other aquatic insects and detect water ripples to find dead or dying insects on the surface. The split eyes of Whirligig Beetles also help them detect prey, which gives them a view of what is happening both above and below the water. Through these adaptations, the Whirligig Beetle helps control other insect populations.
After hibernating underwater during the winter, these beetles are most active in the summer when they gather in big groups to hunt, scavenge, and avoid predation through large numbers. With it being the Olympics season, perhaps these beetles are even training for the swimming and diving categories (just maybe not synchronized swimming).
After hibernating underwater during the winter, these beetles are most active in the summer when they gather in big groups to hunt, scavenge, and avoid predation through large numbers. With it being the Olympics season, perhaps these beetles are even training for the swimming and diving categories (just maybe not synchronized swimming).
June 2024
Southern Leopard Frog by Lindsay Fisher, FODR Summer Intern
Photo by David Yeager
Exploring the Dragon Run, you might hear one of its residents chuckling. That resident is the Southern Leopard Frog, Lithobates sphenocephalus, also known as the Coastal Plains Leopard Frog, whose call sounds similar to a chuckle. While we may never know what these frogs are laughing about, they are integral to the Dragon Run and other freshwater ecosystems across eastern Virginia. For instance, these frogs serve as an indicator of environmental quality because of their thin, permeable skin. The Southern Leopard Frog also acts as a predator and prey to other species, including the many insects and snakes also found in the watershed. Beyond its call, another distinctive characteristic of this species is the brown or black spots on its back that give it a “leopard” look. The overall color of the Southern Leopard Frog is brown, green, tan, or a combination of these. The species is also identifiable by the two ridges running down its back, known as dorsolateral folds.
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These chuckling, leopard-like frogs live in the Dragon Run year-round but breed between mid-February and early April. Female frogs lay their eggs (up to 3,000!) on submerged vegetation, which provides food and cover for the eventual tadpoles. Depending on the presence of predators, eggs may hatch earlier to increase the likelihood of survival.
Virginia Herpetology Society
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Though primarily aquatic, adult Southern Leopard Frogs spend more time away from the water during the summer and are primarily nocturnal. During the warm daylight hours, you might spot them in the moist vegetation along the shores of the Dragon Run, where there is plenty of shade and food. On land, these frogs forage for insects, worms, and other small invertebrates. If lucky, they might even happen across a good spot to practice their stand-up comedy routines.
Slime Molds by Kevin Howe
Most of our Swamp Sightings are plants or animals that are easily seen. But with warmer weather and rain, we begin to see a group of living organisms called Slime Molds. They are an odd group of living “things” – they are not plants nor animals nor bacteria nor amoeba. They are single celled organisms, like bacteria or amoeba, but really just a mixed group of unrelated organisms that are thought to have evolved before plants, animals and fungi. They are all thought to be consumers, preying on bacteria!
But to the nature observer or naturalist, we can only see them in two stages of their life cycle -when they mass together in a multi-celled “aggregation” of the Dog Vomit Slime Mold or when form a fruiting body (called sporangium) of the Carnival Candy Slime Mold or the Red Raspberry Slime Mold.
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Typically seen in moist forests and most often on rotting wood that has lost its bark. Several species can be found on hardwood mulch (or plant debris) with the Dog Vomit Slime Mold being among the most commonly seen slime mold; perhaps because of the color and size. When the individual cells aggregate together, we see a bright yellow mass they will turn a darker color as it ages and can be up to about 7 inches in diameter and an inch thick. This is its spore producing stage.
Another very common one is called Wolf’s Milk and typically seen spring through fall on rotting logs. Like others, we see it when many individuals aggregate and form a small round blob from an eighth to half inch in diameter. The color varies as they age (mature) from pink to brown to black and the common name refers to a white to pink pasty fluid inside of the immature “blob” that is the fruiting body. Most often, you see many of these blobs together as in the photo.
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Red Raspberry Slime Mold
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The Red Raspberry Slime Mold is readily seen due to its color which stands on the decaying logs it typically grows on. This appears from spring through fall and is a bright red clump which can be up to six inches in diameter and fades to a brown-purple as it ages. This is one of the most widespread slime molds found throughout temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. |
Honeycomb Coral Slime Mold
What I find to be the most common slime mold in our area is called the Honeycomb Coral Slime Mold found on no bark-decaying logs in our coastal plain forests, like Dragon Run. This is usually roundish white clusters, appearing as a honeycomb, coral or icicle-like mass. This can vary from dime size to a spreading mass or masses covering a foot or more. While typically in clusters, I see it also in horizontal white strips on downed logs. Like most slime molds, it appears spring through fall with peaks following rains.
By the way, the name is derived from a “slime” like substance that the individual cells leave behind. It reminds me of the shiny slime trail of a slug or snail. Join us on one of our Dragon Run hikes and we will clue you in on these awesome but relatively unknown creatures.
Solitary Sandpiper, Tringa solitaria, by Joey Coker
Photos by Maeve Coker
Photos by Maeve Coker
When thinking of the diverse array of bird species that can be found within the Dragon Run watershed, a sandpiper is not likely to come to mind for most people. However, the Solitary Sandpiper is anomalous when compared to other shorebirds in many different ways. This medium-size shorebird is more often than not found alone, as the name implies.
They frequent the Dragon Run watershed during spring and fall migration, but only for a short period of time (May and August). While migrating through our watershed, they occur in a diverse array of habitats, as long as fresh water is present. Mudflats and salt marshes, where most other shorebirds can be found, are notably lacking from their list of preferred foraging habitats during migration.
In the Dragon Run watershed, they display an affinity for forested wetlands as well as farm fields flooded by heavy rain. The Dragon Run’s beaver dams and associated wetlands are highly preferred during migration by the Solitary Sandpiper because of the muddy edges created by dam construction. Solitary Sandpipers feed on a wide array of prey including insects, crustaceans, mollusks, small fish, and small amphibians that they hunt for from the Dragon Run’s muddy wetland margins and fallen logs that extend into the main run.
Perhaps their strangest attribute of all, though, is their nesting behavior. Solitary Sandpipers nest in trees, making them only one of two shorebird species worldwide that regularly nest off the ground. They use old songbird nests that they refurbish with fresh lining and insulation. They tend to prefer the nests of Rusty Blackbirds, Canada Jays, and American Robins. Their nesting range encompasses most of the boreal forest in Canada and into Alaska, where they prefer to nest in close proximity to small, freshwater, ponds or bogs.
Be on the lookout for these little beauties this month while you’re out in the Dragon!
Be on the lookout for these little beauties this month while you’re out in the Dragon!
May 2024
Spatterdock, Nuphar advena, by Anne Atkins
Spatterdock, also known as yellow pond lily, belongs to the water lily family. This perennial aquatic plant grows in freshwater ponds, lakes, and sluggish streams. The fleshy, leathery leaves of spatterdock range from two to sixteen inches in size. It also has underwater leaves, albeit less fleshy in nature.
These plants grow from large, spongy rhizomes adapted to thrive in muddy, nearly anaerobic conditions. Spatterdock blooms from May to October, presenting yellow ball-like flowers floating in the water. Unlike typical water lilies, these flowers never fully open. Spatterdock serves as a vital component of freshwater ecosystems. The seeds are consumed by various wildlife, including deer, muskrats, beavers, raccoons, and waterfowl. The leaves provide shade and shelter for fish and invertebrates. The large leaves also shade the water suppressing algae growth. |
Spatterdock rhizome
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Native Americans and early colonists utilized spatterdock seeds, leaves, and flowers for food and medicine. Seeds could be popped like popcorn, ground into flour for gruel and soup thickening, or dried for long-term storage. The roots and leaves were used in traditional medicine, serving as analgesics and poultices for cuts and swelling.
Overall, spatterdock serves as a vital component of the Dragon Run ecosystem: it provides habitat, supports biodiversity, facilitates nutrient cycling, and improves water quality. Its presence underscores the interconnectedness of species within this fragile yet resilient ecosystem, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts to preserve and protect Dragon Run.
Overall, spatterdock serves as a vital component of the Dragon Run ecosystem: it provides habitat, supports biodiversity, facilitates nutrient cycling, and improves water quality. Its presence underscores the interconnectedness of species within this fragile yet resilient ecosystem, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts to preserve and protect Dragon Run.
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Common Duckweed, Lemna minor, by Terry Skinner
What are those thick green mats covering the still edges of the Dragon? Is it a massive algae bloom?? It’s probably duckweed! Duckweeds are the smallest flowering plants yet discovered. They consist of one to three 1⁄8 inch long, oval, flat, green leaves that sit just at the water surface in slow-moving water bodies. A rootlet hangs down to obtain nutrients from the water instead of the soil. The flowers are so tiny that identifying them to exact species is difficult. Duckweeds grow rapidly and often reproduce by seed and asexually by offshoots which create colonies. They are quite cold-tolerant and in freezing conditions will lay dormant on the bottom until the weather warms.
There are other uses for this little wonder of a plant! Researchers use genetically modified duckweeds to synthesize insulin and other commercially valuable proteins. They also have the potential to be helpful in the development of other new biomedicines, since they are immune to animal viruses (because they are plants).
Friends of the Dragon Run love duckweed because surface-feeding ducks, like mallards, teals, and wood ducks feast on them. Reptiles and amphibians hide in the colonies while hunting or being hunted. Even dragonflies and damselflies occasionally land for a rest or to lay eggs. Duckweed is truly full of surprises.
There are other uses for this little wonder of a plant! Researchers use genetically modified duckweeds to synthesize insulin and other commercially valuable proteins. They also have the potential to be helpful in the development of other new biomedicines, since they are immune to animal viruses (because they are plants).
Friends of the Dragon Run love duckweed because surface-feeding ducks, like mallards, teals, and wood ducks feast on them. Reptiles and amphibians hide in the colonies while hunting or being hunted. Even dragonflies and damselflies occasionally land for a rest or to lay eggs. Duckweed is truly full of surprises.
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April 2024
Hitchhikers on the Dragon Run by Jeff Wright
It always brings a smile to one’s face when a dragonfly or a butterfly find a kayak and hitch a ride. But the butterflies often upgrade their ticket and move from the hull of the kayak to a limb of a paddler. There is one butterfly that is the showstopper - the Zebra Swallowtail (Eurytides marcellus). It has several common names such as Kite Swallowtail and the Pawpaw Butterfly. It flies like a kite, looks like a zebra, and loves pawpaw.
The Zebra Swallowtail has thick black stripes on a white background on its wings thus the Zebra name. The tails at the end of its wings have red spots near the body. The males and females look identical. It's thin and striped wings allow it to achieve two things that help it survive – camouflage and maneuverability. It can flutter and swoop its way through the forest.
The prominent stripes make the Zebra difficult to follow as it glides and flutters through patches of sunlight and shade. It flies erratically with shallow wing beats and stays low to the ground, wetlands, and waters of the Dragon.
The Zebra Swallowtail lives in moist low woodlands near where its host plant, the PawPaw, grows. Pawpaw can be found in uplands areas of the watershed. Caterpillars feed on the pawpaw leaves, while the adults feed on nectar from flowers. The proboscis of the zebra swallowtail is much shorter than other swallowtails - such as our official Virginia State Insect the Tiger Swallowtail. Thus, the Zebra is attracted to shorter and flatter flowers rather than tube-shaped flowers.
We occasionally see the males congregate on moist soil or sand in what is called “puddling”. The male butterflies are extracting minerals and moisture from the soil which is often been enriched by poop from our many critters living within the Dragon Run Watershed.
The males patrol for females - and possibly kayaks! - flying low and back and forth along wooded areas and trails, and obviously our wonderful nooks and crannies of the Dragon Run.
Zebra Swallowtail on Common Milkweed
We occasionally see the males congregate on moist soil or sand in what is called “puddling”. The male butterflies are extracting minerals and moisture from the soil which is often been enriched by poop from our many critters living within the Dragon Run Watershed.
The males patrol for females - and possibly kayaks! - flying low and back and forth along wooded areas and trails, and obviously our wonderful nooks and crannies of the Dragon Run.
Zebra Swallowtail on Common Milkweed
Plantain Pussytoes, Antennaria plantaginifolia, by Jack Kauffman
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Early spring is the best time to be exploring the woods of Virginia. It’s not too cold or too hot, birds and frogs are providing music to our ears, trees and shrub leaves are just appearing, and the spring ephemerals are beginning to bloom. On a walk during the first day of April, we came upon a patch of beautiful flowering plants along an old logging trail. These pussytoes were growing in a mossy area that gets partial sun and a lot of drainage. They are a perennial evergreen flowering herb and provide excellent ground cover.
A member of the aster (Asteraceae) family, the Genus name comes from the Latin word antenna because the male flowers look like antennae; and, the specific epithet (or second part of the species name) means having leaves like plantain. The plant consists of a basal rosette of hairy leaves with three to five parallel veins and an erect stem bearing the flowers. They grow just 6 to 12 inches tall and spread by runners (stolons). At this time of year, they begin to produce a tight cluster of 3 to 6 white male or female flowers on a 2 to 6 inches upright stem. The flower clusters resemble a cat’s paw (minus the claws). They last about 2 to 3 weeks and then form the individual seed pods (achenes). The flower has no apparent smell yet attracts a surprising assortment of bees and other pollinators. Since it blooms in the spring it attracts a variety of mining bees (Andrena spp.), sweat bees (Halictus spp.) and even bumble bees (Bombus spp.). It is also a host plant for the caterpillar of the American lady (Vanessa virginiensis) butterfly. |
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Pussytoes native range includes all of eastern US to the Mississippi and Texas. So, wherever you are in the woods this April be on the look-out for the little white flowers of this plant close to the ground, and enjoy! |
March 2024
Northern Spicebush Spices up Our Woodlands in March By Betsy Washington
Northern Spicebush, Lindera benzoin, is one of the very earliest deciduous shrubs to bloom in our woodlands, providing fragrance, color, and nectar in late winter-early spring, when winter weary humans and wildlife need it most.
Spicebush is a member of the Laurel Family, known for such aromatic plants as Cinnamon, Bay, and Camphor. All parts of the Spicebush have a delightful spicy fragrance, from the delicate clusters of early spring flowers, to bruised leaves and bark, and even the fruit, providing an easy way to identify this shrub.
Clusters of small fragrant yellow flowers bloom on bare branches for several weeks in March, lighting up rich woods, floodplain forests, ravines, and swamp edges, as well as in drier upland forests especially those with basic soils. Although the individual flowers are small, they create a delightful show when little else is in bloom. Spicebushes are dioecious, meaning that female and male flowers occur on separate plants. In fall, Spicebush once again light up our woodlands and swamps with bright gold fall foliage which provides the perfect foil for the abundant glossy red elliptical fruit on female plants.
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Spicebushes support a variety of wildlife including our earliest pollinators such as small native bees, flies, and early butterflies like the spring azure. Spicebushes are the host for at least nine species of butterflies and moths, including the stunning Spicebush, Tiger, and Palamedes Swallowtails, as well as the beautiful Promethea Silk Moth also known as the Spicebush Moth. Both game and songbirds, especially wood thrushes, relish the showy red fruit which is high in fatty lipids and especially important to migrating songbirds. Native Americans used the dried fruit pulp to make a spicy tea and to treat fevers and colds, as well as for a liniment for sores, and muscles and joints. Look for this lovely shrub this month blooming along woodland trails in Dragon Swamp.
Spicebush caterpillar - Photo by Teta Kain
Spotted Turtle, Clemmys guttata, by Adrienne Frank
The Spotted Turtle lives in the swamp of the Dragon Run. This small, delicate turtle is a favorite to find either swimming or hiding in the leaf litter. When covered in mud, it may be difficult to see the yellow spots on its black shell (carapace). The carapace is about 5 inches long when fully grown, and typically has one spot on each segment of the upper shell. Some have no spots at all.
The spots of the turtle can also be found on its head, neck, and out onto its arms. Sometimes the spots are orange, pink, or red. Females also have a yellow/orange eye (iris) and face as compared to the male dark eye and face.
The male Spotted Turtle has a thicker, longer tail compared to the female. It also has a concave underbelly (plastron). The female plastron is flat. At 8 -10 years of age, they become sexually mature and they may live as long as 25 years. Eggs are laid in early summer and incubate for about 80 days before hatching.
Spotted Turtles are aquatic omnivores. They eat both plants and animals that live primarily in shallow water. Animal food may include insect larvae, worms, crustaceans, spiders, small fish and more. These small turtles travel within limited areas; their home range is typically between 3 and 8 acres. When they do move around, they are very vulnerable to predators, especially raccoons and muskrats.
The turtles are most active early in the spring, even when the water is relatively cold. In the coldest part of the winter and the hottest part of the summer, they may slow down their bodily functions and appear dormant. They may burrow on land or in the water and have been seen to aestivate in muskrat burrows (there are many of these in the Dragon Run swamp).
Collection for the pet trade has put the Spotted Turtle on the threatened species list. It is endangered in some parts of its northern range. These turtles are particularly sensitive to pollution and toxic substances. Draining of wetlands and the fragmentation of their habitat, threaten the survival of the species.
https://herpsofnc.org/spotted-turtle/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_turtle
https://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/clegut.htm
The turtles are most active early in the spring, even when the water is relatively cold. In the coldest part of the winter and the hottest part of the summer, they may slow down their bodily functions and appear dormant. They may burrow on land or in the water and have been seen to aestivate in muskrat burrows (there are many of these in the Dragon Run swamp).
Collection for the pet trade has put the Spotted Turtle on the threatened species list. It is endangered in some parts of its northern range. These turtles are particularly sensitive to pollution and toxic substances. Draining of wetlands and the fragmentation of their habitat, threaten the survival of the species.
https://herpsofnc.org/spotted-turtle/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_turtle
https://srelherp.uga.edu/turtles/clegut.htm
February 2024
Red-headed Woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, by Sherry Rollins
This stunning medium sized woodpecker is easy to spot as it has a solid deep red hood in mature adults, a black back and snow-white body, and their wings are black at the top with large white wing patches. Males and females are marked alike and are also the same size.
Red-headed Woodpeckers are found at the edges of mature hardwood forest with clear understories where food sources such as acorns from oaks and Beech nuts are readily available. They also occur in standing timber in beaver swamps and that makes the Dragon swamp a perfect setting. In my own observations, they are often spotted on old snags which makes them easy to see.
On warm winter days, Red-headed woodpeckers may forage for insects on the ground and are also able to catch insects in flight much like a flycatcher. They also eat a variety of seeds, berries, fruits and nuts. They are known to raid other birds’ nests to eat the eggs and nestlings, and will also occasionally eat small rodents. It is the only woodpecker known to cover its stored food with wood and bark. Their stores are located in old snags, fence posts, and under shingles of a roof. When the days of winter are very cold, these birds will rely on their caches of food.
Red-headed Woodpeckers are found at the edges of mature hardwood forest with clear understories where food sources such as acorns from oaks and Beech nuts are readily available. They also occur in standing timber in beaver swamps and that makes the Dragon swamp a perfect setting. In my own observations, they are often spotted on old snags which makes them easy to see.
On warm winter days, Red-headed woodpeckers may forage for insects on the ground and are also able to catch insects in flight much like a flycatcher. They also eat a variety of seeds, berries, fruits and nuts. They are known to raid other birds’ nests to eat the eggs and nestlings, and will also occasionally eat small rodents. It is the only woodpecker known to cover its stored food with wood and bark. Their stores are located in old snags, fence posts, and under shingles of a roof. When the days of winter are very cold, these birds will rely on their caches of food.
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Red-headed Woodpeckers are cavity nesters. The male creates a cavity in a dead tree or dead parts of a live tree. Once the female has approved the site, the two of them build the nest. Admirably, both parents incubate, feed and care for their brood. Once mated, they stay together several years.
It is the Red-headed Woodpecker's ability to excavate holes for nests that makes them and 6 other species of woodpeckers Keystone species for the Dragon. The holes created by woodpeckers are used by many other species who cannot create their own cavity (birds such as the Prothonotary Warbler and Wood Ducks). |
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Sadly, populations of Red-headed Woodpeckers have been in decline due to loss of forests with nut producing trees and the dead trees needed for nesting. It truly is a magical moment to be lucky enough to make a Dragon Swamp sighting of a Red-headed Woodpecker.
Red-headed Woodpecker | Audubon Field Guide
Red-headed Woodpecker Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Red-headed Woodpecker - eBird
Red-headed Woodpecker | Audubon Field Guide
Red-headed Woodpecker Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Red-headed Woodpecker - eBird
White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, by Jack Kauffman
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The white-tailed deer is ubiquitous east of the Rocky Mountains. It is native to all the Americas and has many subspecies. The Virginia white-tail is among the most widespread subspecies and is the only deer found in our area. We often see deer along the Dragon and it has always been a great pleasure of mine to watch them. We have photographed them using our trail cameras, crossing the Dragon, and walking along beaver dams to get a drink.
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Deer spend most of their lives in the upland hardwood forests and edge habitats. Their diet consists mostly of woody shoots, stems, and leaves of woody plants as well as grasses, cultivated crops, nuts, berries, and wildflowers. In February, their diet consists mostly of nuts (from oak and beech trees) and buds from young trees and bushes in the understory of the forest and edge habitats and grasses in fallow fields and farmed fields. As you can see from the video, they eat mushrooms (this deer enjoying a lion’s mane mushroom) including fungi that are poisonous to humans.
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There are several natural predators of white-tailed deer. Coyotes, black bear, and bobcats are still found in Virginia, though no longer in numbers to greatly affect the population. Cougars and jaguars have been exterminated from Virginia by hunting. These predators frequently pick out easily caught young or infirm deer, which is believed to improve the genetic stock of a population. Humans are however the main predator (nearly causing their extinction in the late 1800s and early 1900s). Discussions have occurred regarding the possible reintroduction of gray wolves and cougars to sections of the eastern United States, largely because of the apparent controlling effect they have through deer predation on local ecosystems. Many scavengers (including eagles and vultures) rely on deer as carrion.
https://www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/wildlife/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem/ I’m sure you have been near deer and have experienced their response to your presence. They typically breathe very heavily (also called blowing) and flee. When they blow, the sound alerts other deer in the area. As they run, the flash of their white tails warns other deer. This especially serves to warn fawns when their mother is alarmed. There is no greater treat than seeing a mother walking with her fawn as shown in this photo. |
January 2024
The Beaver in Winter by Kevin Howe
It’s Winter! - perfect time to highlight our premier Dragon Run keystone species, the American Beaver, (Castor canadensis). They are found far north in Alaska and Canada southward in all states though missing from southern parts of California, Arizona, and Florida.
Beavers, North American’s largest rodent (50+ lbs), do not hibernate or migrate and, depending on what latitude they are living, they may spend most of the winter inside the lodge. In Virginia, they do come out in winter but it’s variable and the behavior of our mountain beavers is likely different those in the coastal plain due to milder winters.
Beavers, North American’s largest rodent (50+ lbs), do not hibernate or migrate and, depending on what latitude they are living, they may spend most of the winter inside the lodge. In Virginia, they do come out in winter but it’s variable and the behavior of our mountain beavers is likely different those in the coastal plain due to milder winters.
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Beavers are well adapted to winter though behavior, physiology and body structure. First and foremost, they have a double coat of fur, like dogs - a dense short underfur as well as longer, coarse outer guard hairs. Their underfur is like a wetsuit, trapping warm air against the skin. Research suggests that 20% of their time is spent combing their fur using a specialized split claw which helps keep fur waterproof and spreads oil (squalene) on the underfur to aid in waterproofing.
Some evidence shows that they eat more and increase their body fat as they prepare for winter, but they certainly eat through the winter, thanks, in part, to a large cache of wood they store in or around their lodge. Wood is their main diet in winter while plant material is the vast majority of their diet in other seasons. The outer layer of the wood, which contains the nutrients, is munched throughout the winter as needed. They are also well known to reduce activity and thereby food needs during the colder periods, though they have been observed swimming under ice and scurrying across ice in the dead of winter. |
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Research inside beaver lodges shows the lodges maintain pretty stable temperatures of around 32 degrees regardless of the outside temperature. This is likely a combination of thick walls and the warm congregation of not only the family unit (5-16+ individuals) but also neighbors – turtles, muskrats, snakes. Between the placement of interlocked branches, debris, and coatings of mud on their lodge, it is well insulated. If it snows, they even get better insulation - just like a snow cave keeping them toasty.
Our North American Beavers are amazing creatures with a variety of adaptations for winter survival that have evolved over the past several million years while their habitat moved up and down in North America following the Ice Age glacial sheets.
Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) - by Maeve Coker
How many times have you seen a blackbird and brushed it off? We are all guilty of seeing a blackbird and passing it by in search of other more beautiful, or charismatic species. This common attitude among birders, as well as researchers in the scientific community, meant we collectively went over 40 years without realizing that the Rusty Blackbird was undergoing precipitous annual declines, compounding to a 75-85% population crash since the mid-1900s.
The Rusty Blackbird is a boreal wetland breeding specialist, feeding mainly on aquatic insects. Throughout their migration and wintering habitats, they expand their diet to include nuts and terrestrial insect species. They rely on forested wetlands, agricultural fields in river floodplains, and suburban areas full of earthworms to fulfill their winter diets.
The Rusty Blackbird is a boreal wetland breeding specialist, feeding mainly on aquatic insects. Throughout their migration and wintering habitats, they expand their diet to include nuts and terrestrial insect species. They rely on forested wetlands, agricultural fields in river floodplains, and suburban areas full of earthworms to fulfill their winter diets.
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They can be differentiated from Common Grackles and Red-winged Blackbirds by their Rusty-tipped feathers in male nonbreeding plumage, as well as overall brown plumage year-round on females. Both sexes sport a piercing yellow eye year-round. The males in the springtime will turn a beautiful glossy black, but lack the red epaulettes of the Red-winged Blackbirds, and have a thinner bill and shorter tail than the Grackles.
So why the decline? Many hypothesized compounding factors are at play, including methylmercury levels from coal ash bioaccumulating in the food chain of northeastern populations, as well as habitat loss and destruction of wetlands in the southern portion of their breeding range. Unfortunately, the archaic idea of needing to control blackbird populations in agricultural fields is still being implemented. For now, research is still being done to figure out what exactly is going on. |
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Since they are largely dependent on forested wetlands and forested riparian areas for their wintering grounds in the Southeastern United States, the Dragon Run is an important wintering and migration site for them. The next time you are paddling or hiking along the Dragon, keep an eye out for them! Getting good population estimates when they aren’t breeding will help researchers since their breeding grounds are incredibly difficult to access. A healthy Dragon Run means healthy habitat for the Rusty Blackbird!
December 2023
Winter in Frog Hollow – by Kevin Howe
Spring Peeper
American Toad
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Winter is a time of rest for nature. And the survival methods among various organisms is quite unique. I love frogs – they are cute, can’t hurt you, and they announce spring. They are cold-blooded (ectotherms) meaning they are the temperature in which they are living as they have no mechanisms in which to heat their body – only birds and mammals are warm blooded (endotherms) and can produce heat to warm their body. So, how do frogs survive the winter? In late Fall, as daylight shortens, and temperatures drop, frogs (and all other amphibians and reptiles) enter a state of dormancy called brumation. This state is like a long light sleep which contrasts to the longer deep sleep called hibernation that warm-blooded mammals enter in the winter - like groundhogs, bats, deer mice, and others – but not bears – ask me about the bear “hibernation” research sometime. In brumation, the organisms will get up, if the temperature rises a bit, and move around, even eat. That does not occur in mammalian hibernation. While both groups will slow breathing and metabolism down during hibernation and brumation, it is much deeper for hibernators. In our area we have 18 different species of frogs and toads, and they employ a few different strategies for winter survival. Our mostly land-living toads - Spadefoot, American, Fowler’s and Narrow-mouthed, burrow down below the frost line and “nap” out the winter; as mentioned, on warmer days, they may venture out and eat. Our tree frogs - Spring Peeper, Barking, Green and Cope’s will search out cracks in trees or logs and climb in to survive the winter – again, they may venture out on warmer days. |
Our mostly aquatic Bullfrogs, Pickeral, and Leopard Frogs, will lay on the bottom of a water body and slow their metabolism to survive. Because water is most dense at about 39 degrees Fahrenheit, there is no freeze issue if the water is deep enough. Again, if things warm up, they can swim and move around.
Our forest dwelling Wood Frog has quite an extraordinary adaptation for winter survival. As winter drops below freezing, ice crystals form in the Wood Frog’s body which causes them to accumulate urea while the liver turns glycogen into glucose (“frog antifreeze” or cryoprotectants) which then floods the body’s cells protecting the most vital organs from freezing. When warming occurs, the Wood Frog awakes. And it is our earliest breeding frog in North America. By the way, we have yet to find it in the Dragon Run Watershed but believe it should occur here although we are in the southern portion of it range.
Our forest dwelling Wood Frog has quite an extraordinary adaptation for winter survival. As winter drops below freezing, ice crystals form in the Wood Frog’s body which causes them to accumulate urea while the liver turns glycogen into glucose (“frog antifreeze” or cryoprotectants) which then floods the body’s cells protecting the most vital organs from freezing. When warming occurs, the Wood Frog awakes. And it is our earliest breeding frog in North America. By the way, we have yet to find it in the Dragon Run Watershed but believe it should occur here although we are in the southern portion of it range.
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American Bullfrog Wood Frog
November 2023
Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum), by Jack Kauffman
Photo by James Vonesh
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The Bald Cypress is a keystone species of the Dragon Run watershed. It is a beautiful deciduous conifer (family Cupressaceae); a tree with soft needles (feathers) that fall during the winter. In early November, the needles are a beautiful cinnamon color (transition initiated in early October). Female spherical cone-lets are maturing at this time of year, turning from green to brownish-purple before dropping from the tree. Each cone contains 2-34 seeds. Squirrels eat bald cypress seeds, but usually drop several scales with undamaged seeds. In this way, the seeds are dispersed. Cones are often carried by spring floods. Germination requires a soil saturated but not flooded for a period of one to three months. Young seedlings can grow as much as 30 inches in the first year; but will die if submerged for long periods (2-4 weeks). In the soft wet soils of the Dragon, the bald cypress forms a buttressed base and a strong, intertwined root system (knees). These features (not found when the tree is grown on dry soils) stabilize the tree. They are able to grow in these conditions to a very old age (oldest on record is in North Carolina at 2628 yrs) while other trees in the environment die at a younger age or are blown down by heavy winds. They provide a canopy that keeps the water temperature cooler, stabilize the banks to prevent erosion, and provide an environment where other plants can grow. Often maples and oaks will wrap their roots around those of the bald cypress in order to grow in the swamp or along the shore. They also provide nesting and perching locations for many of the bird species we find on the Dragon. If you haven’t been able to join us on one of our paddle trips during the fall to see the changing colors of the bald cypress or touched one of their feathers, visit the Teta Kain Nature Preserve (2994 Farley Park Road (Rt 603) Mascot) and walk the trail along the Dragon to view these magnificent giants. |
Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), by Robin Mathews
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The ubiquitous squirrel family is at home virtually anywhere in the world where vegetation is found including our very own Dragon Run watershed. They are both essential and important to our ecosystem as you will learn in this article.
Native to eastern and midwestern North America, the Eastern Gray Squirrel prefers to live in a large canopy of hardwood trees. There they are safe from predators, going to the ground only when they need to. Their dreys, or nests, are usually built in the forks of trees consisting of sticks, leaves, and grasses. The average lifespan is 12 years with sexual maturity at 15 months. One or two litters consisting of two-eight young are born each year. While they primarily eat nuts and seeds, some are omnivorous eating insects, small amphibians, eggs, and small birds. Pregnant females are especially known to eat a more omnivorous diet due to increased protein and mineral needs. |
Squirrels serve an essential role in our natural world. By “planting” numerous tree seeds and nuts (and then failing to dig them up) they help encourage diversity in our forests. They are cache-hoarders, maintaining about 1000 individual caches while burying literally 10,000 or so nuts and seeds in a given year for later consumption. They exhibit “theory of mind” thinking, in that they will “pretend” to bury an item if they are being watched to throw off a possible thief. They are known to hide behind vegetation when burying food. These are not innate behaviors. They are being devious on purpose!
The squirrel is important to our ecosystem not just because of its super seed and nut dispersal talents. They are also an important food source for coyotes, foxes, raptors, and other carnivores. However, they can be extremely frustrating to catch due to their agility when climbing and jumping from tree to tree. They are hosts for parasites such as lice, ticks, fleas, and roundworms.
The Eastern Gray Squirrel is truly an asset to the Dragon Run watershed contributing to the diversity and uniqueness of both the forest and wildlife found in the swamp.
The squirrel is important to our ecosystem not just because of its super seed and nut dispersal talents. They are also an important food source for coyotes, foxes, raptors, and other carnivores. However, they can be extremely frustrating to catch due to their agility when climbing and jumping from tree to tree. They are hosts for parasites such as lice, ticks, fleas, and roundworms.
The Eastern Gray Squirrel is truly an asset to the Dragon Run watershed contributing to the diversity and uniqueness of both the forest and wildlife found in the swamp.
October 2023
Carolina Satyr (Hermeuptychia sosybius), by Mike Grose
This little brown butterfly is often difficult to spot, unless you are specifically looking for a Carolina Satyr. Unlike larger and more colorful butterflies, the Carolina Satyr is often found flittering about, very close to the ground. Sometimes it is well hidden on leaf litter or situated in grasses.
The wingspan is only about 1.5 inches which is about half the size of an Eastern Tiger swallowtail. The unmarked upper side (dorsal) wings are a dull natural brown. While the underside (ventral) hind wing is rimmed with two dark lines and eyespots. The eyespots are believed by some to ward off predators. It is unusual to see their wings open when perching. The habitat description would include woodlands, swamps, and areas with moderate moisture. The small green caterpillars feed on grasses, while the adults feed on tree sap, animal scat and rotting fruits.
The wingspan is only about 1.5 inches which is about half the size of an Eastern Tiger swallowtail. The unmarked upper side (dorsal) wings are a dull natural brown. While the underside (ventral) hind wing is rimmed with two dark lines and eyespots. The eyespots are believed by some to ward off predators. It is unusual to see their wings open when perching. The habitat description would include woodlands, swamps, and areas with moderate moisture. The small green caterpillars feed on grasses, while the adults feed on tree sap, animal scat and rotting fruits.
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The Carolina Satyr can reproduce three broods each year. The small green caterpillars feed on the leaves of host plants. The invasive plant, Japanese stilt grass, is said to be one of many grasses that host the Carolina satyr.
Apparently, the Dragon Run forested swamp seems to provide an acceptable habitat. In August, of this year, the first ever butterfly count was launched in the Dragon Run watershed. The count area included Middlesex, Essex, and King & Queen Counties. Thirty-seven Carolina Satyrs were recorded in the August 2023 inaugural count, which gives us a benchmark for future counts. |
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Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), by Maeve Coker
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When most people hear the words “Poison Ivy”, shuddering thoughts instantly come to mind of itchy, oozing rashes that can last for weeks. But other than the irritating qualities of this vine, did you know that Poison Ivy is a dream plant for wildlife?
Poison Ivy germinates and leaves-out early in the spring. These fresh young leaves are a favored food source for both large and small mammals like deer and rabbits. Once it blooms in late spring, the flowers are covered in numerous pollinators, ranging from bees to flies to beetles. When the berries ripen in late summer and early fall, it doesn’t take long for all sorts of wildlife to find them. Because of the timing of the ripening and their hardiness through winter, Poison Ivy berries are a critical food source. Neotropical migrating birds flock to the vines as a fuel source to aid them on their journey, and those that spend the winter in our area feast on them when other food sources are scarce. Woodpeckers, warblers, vireos, titmice, chickadees, and a wide assortment of other birds utilize their energy. It also isn’t unusual for arboreal mammals, like squirrels, chipmunks, and flying squirrels, to dine on them as well. |
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While we can’t ignore the rash-inducing compound urushiol that most humans have come to detest, maybe we should learn to admire the wonder and beauty of Poison Ivy from afar. There are few more exciting birding moments than watching a migrant or wintering group of birds fervently devouring the platter of berries in front of you! It is impossible to ignore the beautiful fall colors that its foliage bears, ranging from deep reds to fiery oranges! Leaving Poison Ivy to grow in an area that can be viewed from a distance is just asking for an exciting fall show of nature’s beauty. Be sure to look for it on the Dragon Run In the fall! This species thrives in disturbed sites, so the flowing water of the Dragon is always creating perfect spots for germination as the soil gets scoured frequently.
September 2023
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“Flowers” of the Forest (Part 1) by Carol Kauffman and Kevin Howe Just like the flowers in our gardens that bring beauty to our world, there are “flowers” in the forest. As you hike a trail, dots of color may pop into view near logs or along your path. These “flowers” are mushrooms! Most people think of mushrooms when they hear the word fungi. But mushrooms are just the fruiting body of the fungi, also known as sporophores; a small part of the fungus organism which produces spores for the next generation. Fungi are not plants, and have their very own kingdom. Instead of reproducing by seeds, fungi produce spores which form on, and are released from these fruiting bodies known as mushrooms. And of the over 700,000 fungi known, only about 20,000 produce mushrooms; the rest reproduce in a myriad of ways. We all know that plants have roots and fungi have a similar root system called mycelium, consisting of many individual branching thread-like structures called hyphae. This is the growing portion of a fungus, growing in the soil or some other dead or live organic matter. In our series of articles on fungi, we will be talking more about the fungus organism (mycelium), its role in ecosystems, the basic morphology, and some specific types of fungi. |
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August 2023
Water Striders, Gerridae, by Kevin Howe
Insects are quite fascinating, though chiggers, ticks and mosquitoes leave me bitten so I don’t like them much. I am particularly fascinated by Water Striders. Depending on where you grew up, you may know them as pond skaters, water skimmers, water scooters or, my favorite, Jesus Bugs, so called because of their ability to walk on water.
Water Striders are very common on the Dragon from Spring through Fall. These half inch long bugs float on the water’s surface like no other insect with their three pairs spread out to balance on the surface tension of the water. Their forelegs are short and made for rapidly grabbing prey, their long middle legs are for paddling to scoot them across the surface while their longest rear legs are used for steering and braking. In the photo you can see their legs lay on top of the water from what looks like their knee joint down to their foot (wrong terminology but gets the point across).
Water striders have evolved very well to balance and walk on water. While I often refer to them as aquatic insects, they are really not aquatic – they do not live in the water, just on top of it. And they are incapable of diving into the water.
All Water Striders are predaceous, feeding primarily on other surface invertebrates and any insects that happen to fall and float into the water. Using their piercing-sucking mouthparts, they inject dissolving enzymes and then suck up some nutrition.
Water Striders are very common on the Dragon from Spring through Fall. These half inch long bugs float on the water’s surface like no other insect with their three pairs spread out to balance on the surface tension of the water. Their forelegs are short and made for rapidly grabbing prey, their long middle legs are for paddling to scoot them across the surface while their longest rear legs are used for steering and braking. In the photo you can see their legs lay on top of the water from what looks like their knee joint down to their foot (wrong terminology but gets the point across).
Water striders have evolved very well to balance and walk on water. While I often refer to them as aquatic insects, they are really not aquatic – they do not live in the water, just on top of it. And they are incapable of diving into the water.
All Water Striders are predaceous, feeding primarily on other surface invertebrates and any insects that happen to fall and float into the water. Using their piercing-sucking mouthparts, they inject dissolving enzymes and then suck up some nutrition.
For “walking” on water, their body is perfectly balanced on their legs which along with their entire body are covered with minute hairs, over 1,000 per millimeter which not only allows them to balance on the surface tension of water, but the dense hairs repel water better than any manmade material; no water or rain will weight them down. Research has shown they can move one hundred body lengths a second (equal to almost four feet) – the equivalent of a 6-foot-tall person swimming about 9 miles a second – another reason to call them a Jesus Bug. Great water legs but totally useless on land.
In our area, water striders can overwinter on the water and be somewhat active. If the water freezes, they die but their eggs, laid on aquatic vegetation, can survive until spring in which case the young hatch out as a minute adult without a larval stage. Check them out on the Dragon or a water feature near you. A few species of Water Striders are the only insect that can live in salt water; actually, on salt water but they do live far offshore.
In our area, water striders can overwinter on the water and be somewhat active. If the water freezes, they die but their eggs, laid on aquatic vegetation, can survive until spring in which case the young hatch out as a minute adult without a larval stage. Check them out on the Dragon or a water feature near you. A few species of Water Striders are the only insect that can live in salt water; actually, on salt water but they do live far offshore.
Raccoons by Terry Skinner
Photo by Kerry Harlan
The Raccoon, Procyon lotor, prefers forested areas near a water source (both fresh and saltwater) and den in brush piles, hollow logs, holes in trees, and even wood duck nest boxes. They shelter in dens and move to a new one every few days unless they are raising young or riding out a winter storm, when several animals may den together.
With longer hind legs than front legs it looks like raccoons run hunched over, which along with their black eye mask, gives them a sneaky appearance. They have five dexterous toes on the front legs which allow them to grasp and manipulate their favorite foods – water creatures such as frogs, clams, crayfish, fish, snails, and insects. Their ability to rotate their hind feet 180 degrees to descend a tree headfirst also allows them to catch birds and eat eggs, but they really do more foraging than hunting. Adults can weigh 15-40 pounds with urban dwellers living on human food scraps growing even larger. A raccoon can run 15 mph and fall 40 feet without injury.
With longer hind legs than front legs it looks like raccoons run hunched over, which along with their black eye mask, gives them a sneaky appearance. They have five dexterous toes on the front legs which allow them to grasp and manipulate their favorite foods – water creatures such as frogs, clams, crayfish, fish, snails, and insects. Their ability to rotate their hind feet 180 degrees to descend a tree headfirst also allows them to catch birds and eat eggs, but they really do more foraging than hunting. Adults can weigh 15-40 pounds with urban dwellers living on human food scraps growing even larger. A raccoon can run 15 mph and fall 40 feet without injury.
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Male and female raccoons only live together very briefly to mate usually in March and April here in the Dragon Run watershed. After 65 days of gestation the female will deliver 2-4 kits which spend their first 7 weeks in the den and then begin to follow mom outside to learn to forage. Young will remain in their mother’s home territory through the winter and then move on to find their own range in the spring. Most raccoons live 2-3 years in the wild.
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Photo by Terry Skinner
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Photo by Kevin Howe
Raccoon tracks are easy to spot in the soft sand at the water’s edge, next to culvert pipe openings (which they use to cross roads), and muddy spots on human and wildlife created trails (near the new Boy Scout bridges on Swamp Trail). We enjoy watching them on our trail camera meticulously sort through the mud at water’s edge to find tasty treats.
Video: Click here.
Video: Click here.
July 2023
Dragonflies by Bob Diaz
Next to butterflies, dragonflies are some of the most beloved insects. Unlike butterflies and damselflies that flitter and glide through the air, dragonflies fly with purpose with their graceful, long bodies. They are on a mission either chasing food, chasing rivals, defending territory, or looking for love. They typically fly only when sunny, and when not flying they rest and keep watch. With heavy clouds or at night they perch. Extended periods of cloudiness can be life threatening as it reduces their feeding time.
In the hierarchy of insects, dragonflies are in the order Odonata that gets its name from the long teeth on its mouth parts (maxilla and labium). Dragonflies have aquatic larvae, called nymphs, that live much longer then adults, a trait know as neoteny (practiced to the extreme by Mayflies), some species will spend years (up to 5) as nymphs. Like adults, larval dragonflies are voracious predators, but much scarer looking. Mosquitos comprise a significant portion of both adult and nymph diets, along with other insect pests. Adults catch mosquitos on the wing forming their spindly legs into a basket. Nymphs thrust out their jaw (labium) to capture mosquito larvae, or any aquatic animal of an appropriate size, either by ambush or hunting. Adults are considered beneficial predators. Nymphs, while also predators, are more important as links in the food chains of fish, aquatic birds, and other large predacious insects. In addition, nymphs serve as important indicators of water quality. In Virginia, there are siting for about 140 dragonfly species with about 40 being common. Depending on the month (March to November) and sun, you should encounter several of the more common dragonflies in Dragon Run (Eastern Pondhawk, Blue Dasher, Eastern Amberwing, Springtime Darner). Resources: Great place to start is: https://www.odonatacentral.org/#/ For a list of all Virginia species of Odonata see: https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/document/vainvertlist-odonates.pdf Extra details for Virginia: Blakney, R.R. 2019. Norther Virginia Dragonflies and Damselflies: A Field Guide. ISBN 978-0578460536. 109 pp. |
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Lizard tail (Saururus cernus) by Anne Atkins
Drawings by Anne Atkins
Drawings by Anne Atkins
The Latin name for lizard tail comes from the Greek word sauros which means lizard and oura which means tail. It is also known as American swamp lily and water dragon (more dragons!).
In Dragon Run, lizard tail begins blooming in May and continues to bloom through August. Tiny clusters of creamy white flowers line a stalk which almost always droops creating a lizard-tail shape. When you are close to lizard tail you will notice a citrus or sassafras smell which comes from the flowers, leaves and roots. The flowers fade to green nutlets that look like warts. In the winter, when the nutlets are fully matured, the stalks with the brown and gray nutlets, closely resemble a lizard’s mottled skin.
In the Dragon, lizard tail is robust and forms large colonies dense with rhizomes and stalks. It’s not only native to this area, but across the Eastern U.S. and is found in swamps, ponds, and areas of shallow water.
In Dragon Run, lizard tail begins blooming in May and continues to bloom through August. Tiny clusters of creamy white flowers line a stalk which almost always droops creating a lizard-tail shape. When you are close to lizard tail you will notice a citrus or sassafras smell which comes from the flowers, leaves and roots. The flowers fade to green nutlets that look like warts. In the winter, when the nutlets are fully matured, the stalks with the brown and gray nutlets, closely resemble a lizard’s mottled skin.
In the Dragon, lizard tail is robust and forms large colonies dense with rhizomes and stalks. It’s not only native to this area, but across the Eastern U.S. and is found in swamps, ponds, and areas of shallow water.
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Lizard tail ensures its place in the ecosystem by using two methods of reproduction: seeds and rhizomes. In fact, its dense mats of rhizomes compete with other plants for resources. It is considered an emergent wetland plant meaning that the rhizomes and roots are underwater, but the stems and flowers are above water. It’s deciduous, grows rapidly, and needs little maintenance should you decide to grow some for yourself. Leaves are heart-shaped and alternate along the plant’s zig zag stem. It can grow to four feet tall and between one and two feet wide.
If all lizard tail colonies were removed from Dragon Run, the ecosystem would be significantly altered. Lizard tail provides numerous ecosystem services—food, water, and shelter for many plant and animal species. Wood ducks take cover within the lizard tail. Beavers and other animals eat the leaves. Fish, frogs, salamanders, turtles, and aquatic insects hide underwater in its stems. It’s the favorite food of turtles and attracts pollinators and beneficial insects. |
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The thick mat of roots and rhizomes help stabilize the soil and curb erosion. In addition to beaver dams and ponds, lizard tail roots and rhizomes slow water flow through the Dragon. Plus, it’s a valuable tool for humans to use to restore and create wetlands.
Lizard tail is another example of how everything within the Dragon Run ecosystem is interconnected. Change one thing, and many things are impacted. |
Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) by Maeve Coker
The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is a large perching bird often heard but seldom seen. They are inhabitants of dense woodlands with an abundance of cover often near water sources, including thickets along streams and low scrub along marshes. Their primal vocalizations can be heard echoing through the woods, a simple “Coo-, coo-, coo-“, or their more jarring rattling clucks.
Different from their Eurasian counterparts, Yellow-billed Cuckoo pairs build their own nests. They usually choose large shrubs about 10 feet in the air to adorn a lateral branch with their stick nests. Rather than “egg dumping” into other species’ nests for them to raise their young, the cuckoos will lay 1-5 eggs asynchronously. Each of their chicks hatch at different times, and they take less than a week to leave the nest. Chicks will spend the next few weeks of their lives crawling along limbs and branches until they can sustain flight. Nesting is often timed with the abundance (or lack thereof) of food. In years with excessive food, the cuckoos will parasitize the nests of other species, as well as other cuckoos, by laying extra eggs.
Different from their Eurasian counterparts, Yellow-billed Cuckoo pairs build their own nests. They usually choose large shrubs about 10 feet in the air to adorn a lateral branch with their stick nests. Rather than “egg dumping” into other species’ nests for them to raise their young, the cuckoos will lay 1-5 eggs asynchronously. Each of their chicks hatch at different times, and they take less than a week to leave the nest. Chicks will spend the next few weeks of their lives crawling along limbs and branches until they can sustain flight. Nesting is often timed with the abundance (or lack thereof) of food. In years with excessive food, the cuckoos will parasitize the nests of other species, as well as other cuckoos, by laying extra eggs.
The diet of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo is largely lepidopteran, especially hairy species. They consume an incredible amount of caterpillars, easily thousands in one season and even up to a hundred in one meal! They are most famous for their control of tent caterpillars and fall webworms, and they are even known to eat gypsy moth larvae. Yellow-billed Cuckoos will not turn down an opportunity though to snack on frogs, lizards, cicadas, or even small fruit and seeds. Typically in winter their diet tends to shift more plant-based compared to summer and migration seasons.
This species is a neotropical migrant, working its way south through Central America to spend the winter in South America, east of the Andes Mountains. In the eastern part of their North American range, the Yellow-billed Cuckoo population is still secure but declining. The western subspecies, however, is a candidate for review to be listed under the Endangered Species Act. Because Cuckoos have an affinity for nesting near water, the destruction of wetlands out West for agriculture has decimated their population. Fortunately, the subspecies has responded positively to habitat restoration efforts, but they still have a long way to go.
Keep an ear out for the booming call of a Yellow-billed Cuckoo the next time you’re in the Dragon, or better yet, stake out a tent caterpillar nest; you never know who may show up for a meal!
This species is a neotropical migrant, working its way south through Central America to spend the winter in South America, east of the Andes Mountains. In the eastern part of their North American range, the Yellow-billed Cuckoo population is still secure but declining. The western subspecies, however, is a candidate for review to be listed under the Endangered Species Act. Because Cuckoos have an affinity for nesting near water, the destruction of wetlands out West for agriculture has decimated their population. Fortunately, the subspecies has responded positively to habitat restoration efforts, but they still have a long way to go.
Keep an ear out for the booming call of a Yellow-billed Cuckoo the next time you’re in the Dragon, or better yet, stake out a tent caterpillar nest; you never know who may show up for a meal!
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June 2023
Barred Owl (Strix varia) by Jack Kauffman
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I love hearing the call of the barred owl. I hear it often when I arrive at the Dragon during paddle seasons or walk in the forest near my home. The sound is so recognizable “who cooks for you”. Barred owls hunt both at night and during the day, so it’s not uncommon to hear or see them in daylight. Their diet consists mostly of small mammals including: mice, squirrels, rabbits, opossums, and shrews. They also eat birds, frogs, salamanders, snakes, lizards, crayfish, fish, and insects.
Barred owls are monogamous and mate for life. Breeding season runs from December through March. To attract a mate, males “display” by swaying back and forth, raising their wings and sliding along a branch. They are mostly cavity nesters but will often use an abandoned hawk or squirrel nest. The pair will raise one brood each year. |
Beginning in March, the female lays two or three white eggs, which hatch in 28 to 33 days. The female will stay with the young at first while the male hunts and provides food for its mate and young. Young barred owls leave the nest four to five weeks after hatching and can fly in six weeks. On May 20th, we were paddling the Dragon around 6pm and heard an odd sound and rustling in the tree. What we saw was an adult barred owl dropping off food for its two very large babies. The parent left and the two young stared down at us from their perch on a bald cypress branch. They bobbed their heads and made screeching sounds for a long time before we continued on our way. Here is an example of the sounds the young made. Sometimes the conversation between two barred owls can get rather interesting. I’ve heard something like this in the woods at our house.
These owls favor mostly dense and thick woods with only scattered clearings, especially in low-lying and swampy areas. They will live in one location for their whole life. Still widespread and common, their numbers have declined in parts of the south with loss of swamp habitat. Just one more good reason to save the Dragon!!
Bee-Dazzled by Pickerelweed by Betsy Washington
Photo by Betsy Washington
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Pickerelweed, Pontaderia cordata, is a highlight of any summer paddle on the Dragon when its lavender-blue flowers punctuate the emergent vegetation along the shores. Pickerelweed grows in shallow water along the edges of the swamp where its thick rhizomes spread into large colonies. The large, arrowhead-shaped leaves are held upright on tall stalks and can reach up to 10” with a heart-shaped base and pointed tip.
Beginning in June, tall showy spikes of lavender-blue tubular flowers are held 1 – 2’ above the water surface delighting us and attracting a multitude of pollinators and butterflies to their nectar. The small tubular flowers are densely packed flower spikes held upright on tall stems and make a spectacular summer-long show. Flowers open from the bottom to the top of the spike and often continue to flower into October. Although their main pollinators are bees, including at least two species of specialist bees that rely on the pollen of Pickerelweed to feed their young, numerous butterflies are often seen nectaring on the flowers.
After flowering oblong green fruits ripen, each with a single starchy seed with distinctive toothed ridges. The stems droop towards the water so that the seeds can be dispersed downstream or readily eaten by birds and waterfowl.
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Ebony Jewelwing Damselfly by Kevin Howe
There is a “tale” that Dragon Run is named because of all the Dragonflies that are seen in the summer-fall along Dragon Run – that just might be true; then again, maybe just a tale but a plausible one.
Indeed, Dragonflies are quite abundant here in summer along with their little cousin, the Damselflies. Dragonflies are typically larger than Damselflies and they are easily distinguished from each other by the way they hold their wings at rest – Dragonflies hold their wings open and perpendicular to their body while the smaller Damselflies hold their wings closed and over their body. Both are voracious carnivores, mostly on other insects and can be cannibalistic. These predaceous insects belong to an insect group (Order) named Odonata.
On every non-winter visit to Dragon Run waters, there is one Damselfly that you are guaranteed to see - the Ebony Jewelwing (Calopteryx maculate). Active from April to around October, this Damselfly is super abundant and “friendly”, if you can call an insect that. Not unusual to see one or more flying around and even landing on your kayak or you!
Indeed, Dragonflies are quite abundant here in summer along with their little cousin, the Damselflies. Dragonflies are typically larger than Damselflies and they are easily distinguished from each other by the way they hold their wings at rest – Dragonflies hold their wings open and perpendicular to their body while the smaller Damselflies hold their wings closed and over their body. Both are voracious carnivores, mostly on other insects and can be cannibalistic. These predaceous insects belong to an insect group (Order) named Odonata.
On every non-winter visit to Dragon Run waters, there is one Damselfly that you are guaranteed to see - the Ebony Jewelwing (Calopteryx maculate). Active from April to around October, this Damselfly is super abundant and “friendly”, if you can call an insect that. Not unusual to see one or more flying around and even landing on your kayak or you!
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The Ebony Jewelwing is rather small, about two to three inches long and is found in much of the Eastern North America. It is a brilliant metallic green which often appears blue depending upon the light and, like all Dragonflies and Damselflies, they are mostly seen around freshwater. The eggs must be laid in water or on material close to water (rocks, vegetation, etc.) and the female will lay several hundred eggs in an area protected by the male. The eggs hatch into carnivorous crawling larva, called naiads, live in the water for up to a year after which they will crawl up something (plant, stick) out of the water and transform into the flying adult. The adult lives only long enough to breed which is about two-three weeks. Interesting note, the female differs from the male by possessing a white mark on the upper rear portion of the forewings.
Virginia has over 200 species of Dragonflies and Damselflies with about 76 species identified as a “Species of Greatest Conservation Need” by Virginia’s Division of Natural Heritage. As with most of our native flora and fauna, the loss of quality habitat is the most significant threat. In the Coastal Plain, about 41 species of Damselflies have the potential to occur although the number that have been verified is much less. But the high natural quality of Dragon Run certainly is a haven for all of our Dragonflies and Damselflies and more study of these fascinating creatures is needed. I am sure your Dragon Run guides will be pointing out the Ebony Jewelwing Damselfly on your next kayak trip down the Dragon – they are stunning! |
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Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus) by Robin Mathews
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One of the most exciting moments each spring happens when you spot your first Eastern Tiger Swallowtail. I happened to be walking one of the trails on the Big Island property in March when I spotted my first of 2023. These butterflies are most commonly found in deciduous woodlands and in fields where there are flowers for nectar. The Tiger swallowtail is easily identified. It is one of our largest butterflies. The bright yellow and black “tiger” stripes are distinctive and can be seen from far away. The undersides of the hindwings have bright blue spots around the margins. Some female tiger swallowtails, especially in the southern part of its range, are a dark color. One theory is that this makes the female resemble a Pipevine swallowtail which gets protection from the toxic pipevine sap that its caterpillar eats. Female tigers lay eggs on the leaves of various host plants including tulip poplars and black cherry trees. In the southeast there are often 3 broods. The last brood of the season overwinters as chrysalises on tree trunks or in the leaf litter. As the caterpillar matures, it becomes bright green with eyespots on either side of its head. The caterpillars have an organ called an osmeterium, which is an orange-red forked gland that the caterpillar can pop out if threatened. It looks a lot like a snake's tongue and is bad smelling. This may have evolved to help keep predators away. One interesting phenomenon associated mostly with male Tiger swallowtail is ”puddling.” They can be seen in groups on moist dirt, scat, or shallow puddles, drinking the salts and minerals. I had the good fortune to see it twice while paddling on the Dragon this spring. The next time you walk where there are wildflowers, take your camera. The Eastern Tiger Swallowtail is one of the most abundant and easily spotted butterflies in our area. You might just get a beautiful photo of one of these amazing insects as it drinks nectar and pollinates the flower. |
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May 2023
Turtles by Kevin Howe
Eastern Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta
Woodland Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina
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Turtles are a fascinating group of reptiles which we see with some regularity on our hikes or kayak cruises in and around Dragon Run. Somewhat prehistoric looking, the group is easily recognized by just about anyone over the age of three.
We have seven different species in and around the Dragon Run watershed – one species, the Woodland Box Turtle is entirely terrestrial while six other species prowl the waters of Dragon Run with a few of them, spending some time out of the water (mud turtles). All 356 species of turtles worldwide lay their eggs on land with one exception, an Australian Snake-headed Turtle which will lay the eggs in a wetland, but the wetland (Billabong) dries up before the eggs hatch. On our hikes, we occasionally see a Box Turtle and they are easily recognized as they crawl at a snail’s pace along woodland floor. Their dark brown shell is patterned with orange and yellow markings which camouflage it amazingly well against the forest floor; many a time I have almost stepped on them only recognizing them at the last instant. |
Southeastern Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum
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The most numerous aquatic species we see are the Eastern Painted Turtle followed by the Southeastern Mud Turtle and the Red-bellied Cooter. On one of our early morning spring hikes, we were absolutely amazed to find a female Southeastern Mud Turtle laying eggs, a rare and lucky sighting indeed! Our most usual encounters happen when we are on the water. We usually see them in one of three ways – sunning themselves on a log, floating just beneath the surface of the water with their snouts sticking out of the water or while they are just floating along mostly submerged. We most frequently we see them sunning themselves on a log but if you have sharp observation skills, you may spot the snout more often.
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Snapping Turtle floating on the water for a breath
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The month of May is often peak time to see turtles as they are just coming out of their winter hibernation state (called brumation in reptiles, hibernation in mammals) and being cold blooded, they get out of the water to absorb the springtime heat of the sun. Although we see them with regularity, they are skittish and are easily startled and quickly slide into the water. So often, a turtle sighting is a fleeting but exciting observation.
Red-bellied Cooters both enjoying the sun’s warmth
Beaver by Carol Kauffman
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Our FODR volunteers have been busy leading guests on trips down Dragon Run. Another species that has been busy is the Beaver, Castor canadensis, the largest rodent in North America (typically 35 to 70 pounds and three to four feet in length.). Spring is the time when females give birth. The kits stay close to their mother during their first 6 weeks, remain with their parents for two years, and help raise the next year’s offspring. Kits are preyed upon by fox, otters, mink, eagles, owls, and large fish. The lodge, built of sticks, mud, and plant matter, is home to this multi-generational family and can house other species like muskrat, frogs and turtles. The beavers’ lodge entrance is underwater to provide safety from predators. Their signature flat tail is slapped on the water to signal danger. It serves as a rudder for swimming and for balance when on land. Fat is stored in the tail for when food supply is low.
The beaver is a keystone species; a species that has a disproportionately large impact on its environment, holds ecosystems together, and supports biodiversity. The pools the beaver make from building dams, create new habitat for many other species. Fish, ducks, frogs, turtles, and aquatic plants utilize the pools that are created by the beaver dams. On our paddles we often see eagles, kingfishers, and herons feeding in these pools, and we have seen signs of raccoons who leave their prints along the banks. |
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Some consider the beaver an engineer because of their ability to build sturdy lodges and dams; but I like to think of them as farmers because the pools they create become great habitat for the plants the beaver uses for food and for building. Beavers are nocturnal, but are occasionally active during the day. They do not hibernate, but are less active during winter, spending most of their time in the lodge or den. It’s rare, but occasionally we see a beaver on our paddle trips. A special treat is to be sprayed by the water that splashes when one slaps his tail next to your boat.
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Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) by Adrienne Frank
In the spring, plants such as the Mayapple emerge and flower on the forest floor of the Dragon Run Watershed. These plants die back, and are not visible late in the summer, fall, or winter months.
Mayapples grow in colonies, covering an area with their umbrella-like form. The plants spread by rhizomes under the ground, sometimes covering large areas. They like forest floors with rich, moist soil and are in bloom March through May throughout Virginia.
Mayapple leaves are deeply lobed at the top of a stem. The nodding white flower and yellowish fruit hang below the leaves and are concealed from view. The egg-shaped fruit can be 2 inches long. When ripe, the little apples are edible and eaten by raccoons, box turtles, opossums, and skunks.
Mayapples grow in colonies, covering an area with their umbrella-like form. The plants spread by rhizomes under the ground, sometimes covering large areas. They like forest floors with rich, moist soil and are in bloom March through May throughout Virginia.
Mayapple leaves are deeply lobed at the top of a stem. The nodding white flower and yellowish fruit hang below the leaves and are concealed from view. The egg-shaped fruit can be 2 inches long. When ripe, the little apples are edible and eaten by raccoons, box turtles, opossums, and skunks.
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Leaves and stems of Mayapples are toxic, containing podophyllotoxin which is an ingredient in some prescription drugs (including anti-cancer agents and laxative). Native Americans used the plant as an insecticide and the roots were used as worm expellants, for jaundice, constipation, hepatitis, fevers and syphilis.
The Virginia Native Plant Society describes the historical names for the plant, which include: the Cherokee name means “it wears a hat”; the Osage Indian name “it pains the bowels”; the English, thought this plant resembled |
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the European mandrake plant, and called it American Mandrake; a French botanist named the genus, Anapodophyllum, meaning “duck’s foot leaf”. Over the years, Mayapple was placed in several families of plants and now, after DNA analysis, it is placed in the Barberry family (Berberidaceae).
https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/history-of-the-naming-of-the-mayapple/
Hamilton, H. & Hall, G. (2013). Wildflowers & Grasses of Virginia’s Coastal Plain. Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press.
https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/history-of-the-naming-of-the-mayapple/
Hamilton, H. & Hall, G. (2013). Wildflowers & Grasses of Virginia’s Coastal Plain. Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press.
April 2023
Prothonotary Warbler’s – the challenges of a habitat specialist by Jeffrey Wright
Photos by Teta Kain
April marks the return of the Prothonotary Warbler. This gorgeous large warbler is bright yellow with an olive back and grayish wings. It is also called the Swamp Warbler or Swamp Canary in the Southeast but as proud Virginians, we will stick with Prothonotary Warbler. It breeds in swamps, flooded bottomland forests, and forests near streams. It eats insects and occasionally snails and mollusks. It nests in holes created by woodpeckers, natural holes in standing dead trees, and in nest boxes. It is a treat for guests to see on our spring paddles as the bird flies near our kayaks or perches on a branch or a bald cypress knee.
FODR is passionate about the breeding success of this migratory bird. The bird breeds in the US and winters in areas of South America and in particular Columbia where over 90% spend their winters. Over twenty nesting boxes for this bird are along the Dragon Run. These boxes are cared for, and data is collected about nest building, eggs, chicks, and fledglings by FODR’s Gary Driscole. 2022 was not a particularly good year for breeding success in the nest boxes along the Dragon – fewer occupied nests and reduced breeding success in terms of eggs and fledglings.
FODR is passionate about the breeding success of this migratory bird. The bird breeds in the US and winters in areas of South America and in particular Columbia where over 90% spend their winters. Over twenty nesting boxes for this bird are along the Dragon Run. These boxes are cared for, and data is collected about nest building, eggs, chicks, and fledglings by FODR’s Gary Driscole. 2022 was not a particularly good year for breeding success in the nest boxes along the Dragon – fewer occupied nests and reduced breeding success in terms of eggs and fledglings.
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The bird is in trouble. Its population has declined about 40% since the 1960s. It is of high conservation concern. As habitat specialist, these birds are vulnerable to the alteration or loss of their breeding grounds. But a new problem is facing this species: the loss of or alteration of suitable habitat in its wintering grounds along the coast of Mexico, and Central and South America. In 2016 a decades old civil war ended between a rebel group known as the FARC and the Government of Columbia. The armed conflict basically kept miners, farmers, and loggers out of the strongholds of the FARC which included forests and mangrove forests - the winter homes of these birds. With the end of the war these commercial interests rushed in. “Our bird” is now wintering in an area with Columbia’s second-highest rate of deforestation and least remaining tree cover. It will take an effort by many people and many nations to protect this amazing avian citizen of the Dragon and the Americas.
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Northern Water Snake by Terry Skinner
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Northern Water Snakes, Nerodia sipedo, are non-venomous reptiles, and can often be spotted basking on logs or tree branches hanging over the water or swimming while on the hunt for fish and amphibians which they swallow alive. They have a chunky looking body which is round on cross-section and grows up to 54 inches long. Coloration is mostly brown and gray, but they can have varying amounts of red, yellow, white, and blotches and crossbands. To add to the ambiguity, their patterns are much more visible when the scales are wet. As they dry, they look more uniform and the colors more muted. Young snakes are often more vividly colored than adults. No matter the snake’s age, their scales are keeled (have a ridge down the center).
These snakes live across Virginia in and around fresh water ponds, streams, ditches, and wetlands like the Dragon Run. Social only during the fall and spring, northern water snakes can sometimes be spotted coiled together basking in the sun. They aggregate in the winter as well and brumate (are awake but inactive, unlike hibernation’s torpor). Winter den sites include beaver dams and lodges, muskrat burrows, and vole tunnels. |
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They mate after coming out of brumation in late March or early April and females give birth after a 58-day gestation to 12-36 live young between late August and early October. We may have encountered a northern water snake leaving brumation on March 24 on the banks of the Dragon near the Mascot Bridge.
Because these snakes live near the water and adults often have dark bands, people often mistake them for cottonmouths or copperheads and kill them. Even though the northern water snake is non-venomous, they are not exactly harmless, and if agitated they will bite and even chew on an enemy and emit a strong musk if handled. Nevertheless, the northern water snake is an exciting animal to spot on a warm day on the Dragon. They look like the Loch Ness monster swimming along!
Marbled Salamander by Denise Deckert
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The marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum, is found throughout the southeast. They are easily identified by their black/dark brown body with light white (male) or gray/silvery (female) crossbands on the back (dorsum). Occurring in a variety of habitats which can range from low-lying floodplains to wooded hillsides, the adult marbled salamander spends most of its life underground and out of sight. They are most often encountered when they migrate to wetlands to breed on rainy nights in September and October. Females will lay about 30-100 eggs in a depression on land (usually beneath a log or leaf litter). The female stays with her developing eggs until rain fills the wetland and triggers the eggs to hatch. Winter precipitation will turn the little depression into a springtime pool where salamander eggs can develop underwater. Such an ephemeral pool lacks fish that might eat the eggs.
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By springtime, marbled salamander larvae swim around the pool, hunting zooplankton and invertebrates. They like to eat mosquito larvae. Where they occur with other salamander species that lay eggs in spring, they can eat the smaller larvae of those salamander species. The feathery external gills of the marbled salamander larvae continue to be an obvious feature as they grow legs, feet, and all of their cute salamander toes. Like all salamanders, they grow their front legs first, and then their hind legs. In April, they can often be seen standing on submerged leaf litter, about two inches long and speckly black. It's a race to finish developing into terrestrial adults before the ephemeral pool dries up.
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Since the marbled salamander relies on temporary wetlands in forested habitats, mature forest loss is a major conservation concern for the species. Master Naturalists from the Middle Peninsula are currently studying ephemeral pools in the Dragon Run Watershed and have identified the species. With conservation measures the species can be conserved here for future generations.
March 2023
Bloodroot by Betsy Washington
Photos by Betsy Washington
Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis, is one of our earliest wildflowers and a cherished harbinger of spring. It is found throughout Eastern North America in moist to dry upland forests, in calcareous forests, and on well-drained floodplains. In the Coastal Plain of Virginia it is infrequent and found mainly on calcium-rich soils associated with ancient fossil shell deposits. This diminutive wildflower is named for the “blood red” sap that exudes from all parts of the plant, but especially from the knobby orange rhizomes (roots) when cut or broken. Although toxic, this sap has long been used for several medicinal remedies and Native American face paint and rouge.
Bloodroot reaches only 8” high, however the 2-inch-wide flowers are drop-dead gorgeous but fleeting – often lasting only a few days. Snow-white buds typically emerge in early to mid-March. Each erect flower bud is enfolded in a single leaf that curls around it revealing the intricately veined undersides of the leaf. Eight to sixteen crystalline white petals open to reveal a central burst of golden stamens and single green pistil. The waxy blue-green leaves are orbicular or kidney shape with five to seven deep lobes along the margin. The fruit is a green capsule that splits open to expel the small brown seeds that are dispersed by ants that seek out the nutritious fatty bundle (an eliasome) attached to each seed and take it back to their nests. They eagerly eat the eliasome and discard the seeds in their “compost” pile, dispersing the seeds.
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Like several early wildflowers, Bloodroots do not produce nectar. Instead, pollinators, such as small miner bees, sweat bees and bee flies, are attracted to the rich pollen and pollinate them as they move from flower to flower. Bloodroot flowers open wide on warm sunny days but close at night and on cold, rainy days when their pollinators are not flying; a handy adaptation for a wildflower that blooms at a time when pollinators can be scarce. And they have yet another adaptation up their sleeves - if not pollinated within three days, the anthers bend over brushing against the stigma to pollinate themselves.
Look for this beautiful wildflower along the trail at Mascot and other locations with base rich soils. |
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Wood Duck by Maeve Coker
The Wood Duck, Aix sponsa , is a beautifully ornate species of waterfowl that makes the Dragon Run its home. Males are a bright patchwork of colors with a distinct red eye and bill, and females are appropriately camouflaged in grayish brown with a bold white teardrop over the eye. Rebounded from a near-decimated population 100 years ago, the combination of the implementation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, a 20-year moratorium on hunting, and strong efforts to conserve habitat, the Wood Duck population has recovered immensely thanks to the efforts put in place in the early 1900s.
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Although nests over water are preferred, Wood Ducks will choose sites up to a half mile away from water! Females will lay anywhere from 10-15 eggs on average and incubate for about a month. When the chicks hatch, they climb out of the nest and plummet to the ground unharmed. Once out of the nest, the chicks will feed mostly on aquatic invertebrates and some plant material. Adults eat almost exclusively seeds, with acorns, smartweed, buttonbush, and pickerelweed being some of their main food sources – all very abundant on the Dragon!
When not in the nest, woodies prefer to spend their time in wetlands with at least 70% emergent vegetation. They like to stay hidden in the plants that will eventually be their food source. They spend the winter on the Dragon Run, and many of our winter residents are migrants from up north. Pairs will begin to form over the winter, and in late February and early March the breeding season starts again! Pairs will utilize human-made duck boxes for nesting in the absence of natural cavities, so be sure to look out for them when in the Dragon!
Spring Beauty by Jan Towne
One of the most aptly named harbinger-of-spring wildflowers is the spring beauty, Claytonia virginica. Typically growing 6-10 inches tall, this dainty plant sends up several slender, grass-like leaves in very early spring. The inflorescence that follows has five white or pink petals with darker pink veins. The pink stripes resemble peppermint candies and serve as nectar lines for pollinators. The spring beauty is an important native plant for bees, since it is one of the earliest nectar sources. These lovely flowers close at night and on overcast days, which protects their pollen. Some Native elders used this plant behavior as a barometer to predict approaching storms.
A spring beauty grows from an underground corm where it stores the energy it made the previous season to fuel its early spring growth. The starchy tuber is edible and quite tasty; hence, the moniker "wild potato" is sometimes used. Consumed either raw or cooked like potatoes, the corm has a pleasant nutty flavor. Leaves or stems can also be eaten raw or cooked; they have a mild taste.
A spring beauty grows from an underground corm where it stores the energy it made the previous season to fuel its early spring growth. The starchy tuber is edible and quite tasty; hence, the moniker "wild potato" is sometimes used. Consumed either raw or cooked like potatoes, the corm has a pleasant nutty flavor. Leaves or stems can also be eaten raw or cooked; they have a mild taste.
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These charming, true spring ephemerals are common in Virginia's deciduous forests and throughout the eastern United States. Fortunately, the beauties found on FODR properties are protected from foragers. Nevertheless, it's worthwhile to know they not only provide delight for the eyes, but can provide sustenance to the belly, if ever needed. Look for these enchanting beauties now in our woods!
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February 2023
Round-Lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf by Betsy Washington
One of the earliest signs of spring in our “neck” of the woods are the blooms of the Round-lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf, Hepatica americana. The lovely small flowers of this woodland wildflower look delicate but this hardy perennial blooms in the face of winter in February and March. The delicate white, blue, lavender or even pink flowers are only 1” in diameter but are stunning and will stop you in your tracks and warm your floral heart on even the coldest spring day. The distinctive leathery leaves are 3” across with three rounded lobes and are often mottled with burgundy reminiscent of a liver, thus the common name, Liverleaf. They remain green all winter long but are often partially hidden under a blanket of insulating forest duff. The delicate flowers emerge through this duff on slender stems covered in silky hairs often before mid-February.
Although early pollinators (solitary bees and flies) seek pollen from Hepaticas, the flowers themselves lack nectar. To hedge their bets, they sometimes rely on self-pollination; an amazing adaptation that saves energy and guarantees pollination in the fickle early spring weather when pollinators are often scarce. Further, the flowers close during the night and on rainy days thereby preserving their pollen, opening only when pollinators are flying. Their seeds have a nutritious fatty bundle (an eliasome) attached to them that ants love; the ants eagerly take the nutritious bundles back to their nest (along with the seeds), effectively dispersing and ‘planting’ the seeds. What a marvelous web of adaptations and relationships!
Round-lobed Hepaticas are found throughout Virginia in upland forests and rich wooded slopes. They are common in in the Mountains and Piedmont but are infrequent in the Coastal Plain, making them that much more exciting to find. Look for Hepaticas in rich forests along Dragon Run on ravine slopes and along moist seeps and prepare to fall in love with this beautiful February valentine!
Although early pollinators (solitary bees and flies) seek pollen from Hepaticas, the flowers themselves lack nectar. To hedge their bets, they sometimes rely on self-pollination; an amazing adaptation that saves energy and guarantees pollination in the fickle early spring weather when pollinators are often scarce. Further, the flowers close during the night and on rainy days thereby preserving their pollen, opening only when pollinators are flying. Their seeds have a nutritious fatty bundle (an eliasome) attached to them that ants love; the ants eagerly take the nutritious bundles back to their nest (along with the seeds), effectively dispersing and ‘planting’ the seeds. What a marvelous web of adaptations and relationships!
Round-lobed Hepaticas are found throughout Virginia in upland forests and rich wooded slopes. They are common in in the Mountains and Piedmont but are infrequent in the Coastal Plain, making them that much more exciting to find. Look for Hepaticas in rich forests along Dragon Run on ravine slopes and along moist seeps and prepare to fall in love with this beautiful February valentine!
Bald Eagle by Kevin Howe
Everyone knows the Nation’s national emblematic bird, the Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Recognized by Congress as the national bird in 1782 despite Ben Franklin’s opinion that it was a poor choice – he liked the Turkey.
Our volunteers are out in Dragon Run every month of the year, scouting for new kayak trips, surveying the flora and fauna, etc. and we see Baldies (as birders call them) on many visits along Dragon Run no matter what month.
Found throughout the US, Canada and northern Mexico, populations of Baldies north of 40th parallel (New York north) are migratory. While we in Virginia have resident Baldies, we also have large number of migrants from the north in the winter. In fact, the Chesapeake Bay and its drainages, especially the Rappahannock River from Tappahannock north to Port Royal (about 25 miles) are migratory “hot spots” because of the very large numbers of migrant Baldies (hundreds) spend their winter. And they spill over into areas of Dragon Run and mix with our resident Baldies.
Our volunteers are out in Dragon Run every month of the year, scouting for new kayak trips, surveying the flora and fauna, etc. and we see Baldies (as birders call them) on many visits along Dragon Run no matter what month.
Found throughout the US, Canada and northern Mexico, populations of Baldies north of 40th parallel (New York north) are migratory. While we in Virginia have resident Baldies, we also have large number of migrants from the north in the winter. In fact, the Chesapeake Bay and its drainages, especially the Rappahannock River from Tappahannock north to Port Royal (about 25 miles) are migratory “hot spots” because of the very large numbers of migrant Baldies (hundreds) spend their winter. And they spill over into areas of Dragon Run and mix with our resident Baldies.
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Our resident Virginia Baldies typically are among our earliest nesting birds, starting to build or rebuild the nest in November and peaking in mid-winter. We often see pair formation in early winter and in most, but not all, years we see an occupied nest. Bald eagles will mate for life. In Virginia, eggs are laid between mid-January and late March, hatching in mid-March to early May. Eaglets will stay in the nest 11 to 12 weeks. We have been lucky in years past – for about 16 years until five years ago, we had a pair nest in the same tree year and year. Then they disappeared – perhaps a mate died or, who knows? But two years later another pair built a nest about a quarter mile away and then a year later the new nest was abandoned and the first nest was “reoccupied”.
This past November a crew of us saw a pair for a week or two appearing to scout for some nest sites. We have not been out recently but we hopeful they choose the Dragon for a home. Given our large trees, access to the Bay and abundant food sources, the Dragon watershed definitely is an attractive home for Bald Eagles. We are lucky to have such a treasure. 
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Christmas Fern by Kevin Howe
Winter in the forest is rather drab – mostly filled with brownish colors. Very little greenery is around to catch the eye but two of nature’s wonders always jump out of the brown – lichens and the Christmas Fern, Polystichum acrostichoides. A future sighting article will cover Lichens but herein I want to enlighten you on the Christmas Fern.
While Christmas ferns do not grow in the swamp wetlands, we see it abundantly throughout the Dragon Run Forest, standing green and tall much of the year, although sometimes in winter it lays its fronds down like it is taking a snooze. I am sure most of you know, ferns are not flowering plants, having evolved more than 200 million years before flowering plants. Like many flowering plants, the vast majority of ferns die off when winter sets in. Christmas fern is an exception – it remains evergreen through our winter. Found throughout Eastern North America, it is common in moist and shady habitats in our eastern forests and is recorded from every county in Virginia.
Christmas Ferns are so named for two reasons. First, it is green at Christmas and used liberally in holiday decorations; and, second, its individual leaf (pinnae) is shaped like Santa’s boot or a Christmas stocking (see photo).
While Christmas ferns do not grow in the swamp wetlands, we see it abundantly throughout the Dragon Run Forest, standing green and tall much of the year, although sometimes in winter it lays its fronds down like it is taking a snooze. I am sure most of you know, ferns are not flowering plants, having evolved more than 200 million years before flowering plants. Like many flowering plants, the vast majority of ferns die off when winter sets in. Christmas fern is an exception – it remains evergreen through our winter. Found throughout Eastern North America, it is common in moist and shady habitats in our eastern forests and is recorded from every county in Virginia.
Christmas Ferns are so named for two reasons. First, it is green at Christmas and used liberally in holiday decorations; and, second, its individual leaf (pinnae) is shaped like Santa’s boot or a Christmas stocking (see photo).
Although it does remain green in winter, it will lay its fronds down on the ground when real cold set in. This is likely to be an adaptation to protect from freezing as laying on the ground is “warmer” than “standing” and if covered with snow, that too is warmer than “standing”.
So on your next foray in the winter woods, look for the green Christmas Fern and while it may be laying down taking a winter nap, look closely for that Christmas stocking shaped leaf. And join us this year for a nature walk or kayak paddle and we will show you a Christmas fern – among lots of other wonders of nature.
So on your next foray in the winter woods, look for the green Christmas Fern and while it may be laying down taking a winter nap, look closely for that Christmas stocking shaped leaf. And join us this year for a nature walk or kayak paddle and we will show you a Christmas fern – among lots of other wonders of nature.
January 2023
Clubmosses in the Dragon Forest by Robin Mathews
Some of the oldest vascular plants on earth can be found along the trails of the Revere and Williams property managed by FODR. Running Ground Cedar, Diphasiastrum digitatum, and Princess Pine, Dendrolycopodium obscurum, can both be found on the forest floor of the moist woods surrounding the Dragon. Because they are perennial evergreens, they provide a welcome bit of green in the winter months along with the more abundant Christmas ferns.
Clubmosses, Lycopodiaceae, evolved over 400 million years ago and there is fossil evidence of them attaining tree size (100 feet!) some 300 million years ago. It’s hard to imagine these little insignificant looking ground-hugging plants as gigantic trees!
Clubmosses reproduce via spores rather than seeds - which is the way most vascular plants pass their genetic information to the next generation. The spores are contained in the club-like strobilus which protrudes from the top of the plant. In late summer or early fall, the “club” releases spores which can become new plants given the right conditions. These spores were once collected by early photographers and magicians to be used as “flash powder” because they ignite easily and produce a bright flash effect.
Clubmosses were also often collected as Christmas decorations and wreaths in the past. Because these plants can take years to reach maturity, picking Clubmosses threatens their survival. Unfortunately, this practice does persist in some areas. At least we know our FODR property Clubmosses are safe from harvesting.
Clubmosses, Lycopodiaceae, evolved over 400 million years ago and there is fossil evidence of them attaining tree size (100 feet!) some 300 million years ago. It’s hard to imagine these little insignificant looking ground-hugging plants as gigantic trees!
Clubmosses reproduce via spores rather than seeds - which is the way most vascular plants pass their genetic information to the next generation. The spores are contained in the club-like strobilus which protrudes from the top of the plant. In late summer or early fall, the “club” releases spores which can become new plants given the right conditions. These spores were once collected by early photographers and magicians to be used as “flash powder” because they ignite easily and produce a bright flash effect.
Clubmosses were also often collected as Christmas decorations and wreaths in the past. Because these plants can take years to reach maturity, picking Clubmosses threatens their survival. Unfortunately, this practice does persist in some areas. At least we know our FODR property Clubmosses are safe from harvesting.
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Running Cedar Princess Pine
When observing Clubmosses near the Dragon you will notice that some look vine-like and appear in long strands. These are the Running Cedar also called Ground Cedar, Crow's Claw, and Fan Clubmoss. The other Clubmoss you will see along the trail look like little trees. These are the Princess Pine also called Prince’s Pine, Rare Clubmoss, and Ground Pine. They appear to be individual little plants but they are connected underground via rhizomes.
These are the two Clubmosses I have observed on the Dragon trails, however, there are 12 species known to exist in Virginia. Could there be more? Keep your eyes open. You might find another species of Clubmoss in the Dragon watershed!
These are the two Clubmosses I have observed on the Dragon trails, however, there are 12 species known to exist in Virginia. Could there be more? Keep your eyes open. You might find another species of Clubmoss in the Dragon watershed!
The Muskrat by Carol Kauffman
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An unusual occurrence when paddling down the Dragon, is catching sight of a small semi-aquatic mammal swimming across the water. I have seen this animal only twice during the numerous times I have kayaked Dragon Run.
This elusive mammal inhabiting Dragon Run is the muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus. Some confuse the muskrat with the beaver, but they are different in many ways. Both are semi-aquatic and live in wetlands and waterways of North America. Both can stay submerged for up to 15 minutes and have lodges near water. But the muskrat is much smaller in size; averaging 2 lbs compared to the 40 lb plus beaver. Muskrats have partially webbed feet, whereas the beaver’s feet are fully webbed. Their tails are laterally compressed and hairless, not flat, with scaly skin. They are primarily crepuscular, most active during twilight and dawn. The muskrat has special musk glands, hence their name, that produce a substance that they deposit along destination routes and near their bank lodges. This is widely believed to be a form of communication used especially during the breeding season which lasts from spring though summer. A muskrat usually has 5 to 10 offspring in a litter, with 2-3 litters a year, the young becoming independent at 6 weeks. Muskrats usually only live 3 or 4 years |
The muskrat is primarily an herbivore. A unique characteristic of the muskrat is their specially evolved teeth. A large space exists between the muskrat’s front incisors and premolars (a set of flat chewing teeth at the back of the mouth). This gap between these teeth is called diastema. The muskrat can fit plant matter into these openings if it widely expands its jaw. As the incisors protrude outside the mouth, water cannot enter the mouth because the lips seal behind them; a similar adaptation exists in the beaver. This allows them to chew on stems and roots under water without opening their mouth! All aquatic plants are eaten by muskrats ranging from cattails to wild rice to pickerelweed and sometimes even small fish, frogs, turtles and invertebrates when vegetation (winter) is scarce.
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Muskrats are in many ways well adapted to survive the winter. Dense waterproof fur traps air and serves as insulation and a lifejacket. They do not hibernate nor store food in their lodges, so they must find food even in the winter. Muskrats can find food under a meter of ice and snow because of their large hind feet that act like paddles. They use their teeth to cut holes in the ice around their lodge, covering up the hole with mud and plant material creating a little hut called a pushup. This allows the muskrat to breathe, rest, and eat.
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Join us for a paddle down Dragon Run and get a tour of the muskrats' fine homes on the banks of Dragon Run! |
December 2022
Chatting with a River Otter by Jeff Wright
Following the Friends of Dragon Run trash pick-up on 19 November, I went to FODR’s Wares Bridge Complex in King and Queen County to see the new trail signage and boundary markings. It was a beautiful, sunny, and crisp day so I also planned to do some birding. I was on FODR property upstream from Wares Bridge at the site where, on the previous day, we hosted the recording of soundscapes along the Dragon. While observing a winter wren working around the base of several trees, I was shocked to see two river otters close by in the water. My heartbeat immediately shot skyward!
I soon lost sight of the otters as they meandered downstream toward the bridge, obscured by vegetation along the bank. I moved to the bridge in hopes I would see them again. At the bridge I scanned the water and edge habitats for a few minutes and did not see them. So, I reverted to scanning the trees and sky for birds. But then something caught my eye moving (and rolling) along FODR’s property at the bridge. Yikes! The otters were frolicking just below me about 30 feet away. Yes, birders need to look down as well as up. I took pictures and a short video of the pair before they slipped back into the water, my heart still racing.
As we exchanged glances, I sensed one of the two cavorting otters was mouthing a thank you to FODR’s Mark Alling for managing trash pickups that keep a lot of bad stuff from getting into Dragon Run. I was speechless but nodded my head in agreement.
As we exchanged glances, I sensed one of the two cavorting otters was mouthing a thank you to FODR’s Mark Alling for managing trash pickups that keep a lot of bad stuff from getting into Dragon Run. I was speechless but nodded my head in agreement.
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The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is a semi-aquatic mammal that only lives in North America. Their range has been significantly reduced by habitat loss since colonial times. River otters are also very susceptible to the effects of environmental pollution. Pollution of the waters they depend on is a likely factor in the continued decline of their numbers. Preserving and protecting the waters of Dragon Run is one of FODR’s missions on their behalf.
River otters love crayfish, freshwater clams, mussels, snails, other aquatic invertebrates, fishes, frogs, salamanders, and small turtles. They probably appreciate the Dragon as they do not (hopefully) have to dodge and sort through trash in their quest for food. |
River otters have a high metabolic rate which requires a lot of food for maintaining body heat. Body heat as well as the otter’s thick water-repellent fur was needed on this frigid fall day. River otters eat 15% or more of their body weight each day to sustain themselves. Wow. My estimate is that the two river otters each weighed about 15 pounds.
Although I had seen river otters in a prior year a mile or so below the Mascot Bridge, this was the first time I saw them on FODR land and was able to get a picture. I doubt I will ever forget seeing these otters in the Dragon. These incredible animals, I hope, earn a place on the flora and fauna charts provided to guests who paddle with the Friends of Dragon Run. River otters – another reason to treasure the Dragon.
Although I had seen river otters in a prior year a mile or so below the Mascot Bridge, this was the first time I saw them on FODR land and was able to get a picture. I doubt I will ever forget seeing these otters in the Dragon. These incredible animals, I hope, earn a place on the flora and fauna charts provided to guests who paddle with the Friends of Dragon Run. River otters – another reason to treasure the Dragon.
Cranefly Orchid, Tipularia discolor, by Jack Kauffman
It’s always a great time to take a walk in the woods! Hiking the upland deciduous forest around the Dragon Run in December is especially enjoyable to me in the early mornings and late afternoons. That’s because the sun shines beautifully through the trees and onto the carpet of fresh leaves. At this time of the year there is very little greenery on the floor of the forest. One special exception, peeking up through the leaf litter, is the leaf of our woodland cranefly orchid. This plant has evolved to leaf out and photosynthesize during the winter months when the sun can get to the forest floor and allow the plant to store nourishment for its summer blooming flower – after its single leaf has died off. Amazingly it forms a single leaf in September or October that disappears in the late Spring. The leaf top is dark green (with some dark purple spots) while the underside is strikingly purple in color.
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As summer arrives, the plant sends up a single stalk on which flowers bloom around mid-July to late August. The inflorescence can bear up to 55 small green, greenish yellow, or greenish purple blossoms that are said to resemble a group of craneflies hovering, though personally I don’t see the resemblance. The flowers have a long spur coming out of the base of the petals that may be up to an inch long. A dominant pollinator is the nocturnal armyworm moth (Pseudaletia unipuncta). If pollinated, seeds will be distributed by the wind or eaten by animals. As mentioned above, a plant forms a single leaf so when you see multiple leaves, you are seeing a group or colony of cranefly orchids. The roots will form a series of tuber-like storage organs called corms; therein contains the nourishment for the flowers. These corms are said to be edible and starchy, almost potato-like. So, take a walk now, find the leaves and check back during the summer for the flowers.
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Northern Flicker, Colaptes auratus, by Susan Crockett
Photos by Tom Crockett
Woodpeckers (including sapsuckers and flickers) delight me as much as any other bird – they are often seen, easy to recognize and their calls are pretty easy to recognize. Of the eight types in Virginia, all but one, the Red-cockaded Woodpecker does not occur in the Dragon Run Watershed.
While all the woodpeckers are similar in life history, they all exhibit some differences – size, color pattern and ecology. For example, one of our upland Dragon Run species, the Northern Flicker, is my favorite, and it differs from other woodpeckers by feeding, not in trees but on the ground. It eats mostly ants by probing with their beak and using a long-barbed tongue to lap up the ants. Their tongue is the longest of all North American birds extending about two inches past the bill tip. The formic acid from the ants assists in preening helping to get rid the bird of parasites. It does eat berries and such during the winter when ants and other insects are inactive.
The Northern Flicker is a common grayish brown woodpecker native to most of North America and parts of Central America. The “Flicker”, as we call it, is a year-round resident in our area. It requires some open ground for foraging but can be found in almost any habitat with trees .
The Northern Flicker is our second largest woodpecker and with its spotted breast, red crescent on the back of its head, black crescent in its chest and the white rump, it is easy to ID. When you see a woodpecker on the ground or up flying off the ground, its undulating flight and white rump are definitive. Flickers are monogamous and research suggest about 75% mate for life. The males are strongly territorial. There is typically one brood per year but some evidence of a second brood if first is destroyed, with the female producing 6-8 white eggs per brood. They usually return to the same nesting area and, like all woodpeckers, are cavity nesters.
While all the woodpeckers are similar in life history, they all exhibit some differences – size, color pattern and ecology. For example, one of our upland Dragon Run species, the Northern Flicker, is my favorite, and it differs from other woodpeckers by feeding, not in trees but on the ground. It eats mostly ants by probing with their beak and using a long-barbed tongue to lap up the ants. Their tongue is the longest of all North American birds extending about two inches past the bill tip. The formic acid from the ants assists in preening helping to get rid the bird of parasites. It does eat berries and such during the winter when ants and other insects are inactive.
The Northern Flicker is a common grayish brown woodpecker native to most of North America and parts of Central America. The “Flicker”, as we call it, is a year-round resident in our area. It requires some open ground for foraging but can be found in almost any habitat with trees .
The Northern Flicker is our second largest woodpecker and with its spotted breast, red crescent on the back of its head, black crescent in its chest and the white rump, it is easy to ID. When you see a woodpecker on the ground or up flying off the ground, its undulating flight and white rump are definitive. Flickers are monogamous and research suggest about 75% mate for life. The males are strongly territorial. There is typically one brood per year but some evidence of a second brood if first is destroyed, with the female producing 6-8 white eggs per brood. They usually return to the same nesting area and, like all woodpeckers, are cavity nesters.
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Photos by Tom Crockett
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November 2022
The Common Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana, the Fruit of the Gods
by Betsy Washington
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Each fall I look forward to the ripening of persimmons and the many charms of this mid-sized tree. Everything about this tree is distinctive and picturesque but especially so in fall. Common Persimmons have an oval crown composed of artistically crooked branches that make each tree look like an ancient bonsai. The lustrous oblong leaves turn variable colors in fall from yellow-green to bright gold, orange, and rich burgundy-purple. Common Persimmons are a member of the Ebony Family, and have nearly black bark broken into distinctive chunky, square blocks, divided by deep furrows - sometimes described as ‘alligator hide’. It is easy to recognize this tree just by the dark, blocky bark alone but in fall the female trees put on an unforgettable show. The ripening fruit turn a rich orange blushed with red and are magnificent silhouetted against the deep blue sky.
The 1 – 1.5” diameter round fruits have a soft sweet flesh; when ripe they can be eaten right from the tree! In fact, the botanical name, Dispyros, means “fruit of the gods”. But beware, unripe fruits are unforgettably astringent and mouth-puckering. Humans are not the only “wild” life that loves the fruit. It is eagerly eaten by birds and small mammals such as foxes, opossums, raccoons, white-tailed deer, and even black bears giving rise to common names such as ‘Possumwood or Sugar Plum’. The foliage of the lovely persimmon hosts the stunning Luna Moth, and the equally astonishing Hickory Horned Devil caterpillars that metamorphose into 6” wide Regal Moths. As you enjoy a paddle down the Dragon Run this fall, look for the distinctive dark blocky bark and the eye-catching persimmons that sometimes hangs low over the water. Pucker up and taste the fruit of the gods! |
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Smartweed Caterpillar by Meo Curtis
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On a recent fall paddle, I noticed a peculiar caterpillar on aquatic plants in two different places—one of which was by a gate. It was black and yellow with clumps of hairs-spines all along its back. But I couldn’t get a picture. Next day, the caterpillar was amazingly still by the gate and photos were captured by guide, Andy Lacatell.
Using a team effort, we solved a caterpillar mystery that began in the spring on the Dragon Run. Turns out that nature guide, Kevin Howe, had spotted this same caterpillar in the spring but couldn’t get a photograph. He identified it as a smartweed caterpillar, which can be found on plants in wetlands and swamps throughout the eastern to central United States. The caterpillar is very colorful, advertising itself and its stinging spines - so don’t touch it! Anyone who has been on a paddle with us, knows the abundance of smartweed which is featured in Streamside Attractions in this month’s newsletter.
This caterpillar becomes a Smeared Dagger Moth. This moth is a member of the family Noctuideae – a very large group of moths (about 2,900 species in the United States). Most are mottled dull and hairy like the picture shown. Adults feed on the nectar of flowers. There can be more than one brood per year, so the caterpillars may be found in both spring and then again in fall. They overwinter as pupa rolled up in a leaf. In addition to smartweed, the caterpillars also feed on apple and other fruit trees, clover, corn, cotton, elms, grasses, pines, oaks, strawberry plants, and willows. Since they feed on some crop plants, they may be considered pests. You can find all sorts of photos of adults and caterpillars at: https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Acronicta-oblinita |
October 2022
Swamp Tupelo - Early Sign of Fall By Jack Kauffman
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Nyssa biflora
I love autumn on the Dragon and the woodlands of the Dragon Swamp. My favorite sign that the season has arrived is the coloring of swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora) leaves. Also referred to as the swamp black gum, it is a native to southeastern regions of North America. On the Dragon, our guides describe the swamp as a bald cypress -tupelo swamp. You can often stump them by asking them to point you to a tupelo. In spring, summer, and winter, the tupelo trees are hard to identify along the edges of the Dragon. If you paddle the Dragon or walk near the swamp in late September, the swamp tupelo trees are hard to miss. They are always the first to color and their leaves turn bright red. In early fall, leaves will be many shades of yellow, orange, and red (picture taken September 27th). Later, the leaves will be bright red, purple and scarlet. But there is more to the swamp tupelo than just the autumn color. In spring, the trees flower and produce an abundance of bluish-black berries which ripen early in the fall. The spring flowers attract insects, and birds feed on those insects. The fall fruits are highly prized as a food source to many southward migratory birds. Help us save this precious bald cypress-tupelo swamp and enjoy the many fall colors! |
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Winterberry by Kevin Howe
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Ilex verticillata A real treat during our fall kayak trips in Dragon Run is the sunlit colors of this ecosystem. Autumn sun makes the changing colors of the leaves glow against the blue sky of fall - swamp tupelo with burgundy-red leaves, red maple with bright scarlet leaves and bald cypress with their russet-colored needles. Against this amazing backdrop of leaf colors are the fruits-berries of our native shrubs with the brilliant red berries of winterberry getting the persistent award. Most of the various berries/fruits in Dragon Run get eaten by the mass of migratory birds heading south. Winterberry, Ilex verticillata, is an exception and aptly named because its berries usually persist long into winter. Why, you ask? – well, they are low in fats compared to many other native plants fruits/berries whose high fat content are extremely important food for migratory birds and become available early in the fall. Winterberries may be more palatable after some freezing and thawing, long after the migratory birds have passed through and fed on other high fat fruits. In the dead of winter, when food gets scarce, our resident birds will begin to supplement their diet with winterberries. As humans we benefit too in the delight of seeing this palette of colors while passing on down Dragon Run at this time of year. |
Fowler's Toad by Mike Grose
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Anaxyrus fowleri
As you can see, the Fowler’s toad is well camouflaged with brown, grey, green, and darkened spots. This small 2” to 3” toad is found throughout the temperate eastern United States. During the summer months they come to the water’s edge to feed, cool off and absorb water. With the cooler weather, the Fowler’s toad will begin to move inland, hibernating about 3 feet under sand for 8 months, emerging in late spring. |
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White Turtlehead by Betsy Washington
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The lovely white to pink-blushed flowers of the White Turtlehead, Chelone glabra, bloom through October along Dragon Run. Showy flower clusters open from bottom to top on tall stems that emerge from low hummocks along Dragon Run Swamp. Look closely and you can see that the tubular flowers are inflated with two lips at the end. The upper lip forms a hood that arches over the lower lip resembling a turtle head. In fact, the botanical name Chelone is from the Greek word for turtle alluding to the turtle-head shaped flowers. This uncommon native perennial occurs across Virginia in wetlands, swamps, and marshes.
The late blooming, tubular flowers are pollinated by bees, hummingbirds, and butterflies. If you are lucky, you might observe a large Bumblebee squeezing between the closed lips to reach the nectar at the bottom of the flower tube, dusting their backs with pollen in the process and then carrying it off to other flowers. Hummingbirds with their long tongues also feed on the nectar deep inside the tubular flowers and pollinate them. And the butterflies … The Baltimore Checkerspot, one of our most beautiful and increasingly rare butterflies, has evolved with White Turtlehead and depends on it as a host plant for its caterpillars. The caterpillars sequester a bitter toxin contained in the leaves, that in turn protects them, well as adult butterflies, from hungry predators. White Turtlehead also support caterpillars of the Common Buckeye butterfly. White Turtleheads have become increasingly uncommon as their habitat has diminished due to elimination of wetlands and swamps. They do not tolerate pollution and are an indicator of exceptional water quality – this speaks to the water quality in Dragon Run –and why we protect it. Of further note, a closely related and extremely rare species Red Turtlehead, Chelone obliqua, has been reported from Dragon Run Swamp and is known from only a few locations in Virginia. |
September 2022
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The Beech Blight Aphid by Carol KauffmanGrylloprociphilus imbricator
Have you ever seen a patch of shadowed spots underneath beech trees? Look up and on the branches you may see something amazing! The beech blight aphid, Grylloprociphilus imbricator, or wooly aphid, gathers in large colonies that can cover the branches with what looks like snow. Their “wool” is actually wax filaments that stick out from the abdomen. The beech blight aphid is found from Maine to Florida, feeding on plant sap of the beech tree. Depending on their location, this aphid species can also be found on bald cypress roots. The aphid produces sticky honeydew which is expelled onto foliage, plants, the ground, and branches. The shadowed spots on the ground are Sooty molds, Scorias spongiosa fungus, which colonize the aphid's honeydew and convert it into a black color. The aphids do not cause much damage to the overall tree health. What is fantastical is that these creatures appear to be dancing. Aka boogie-woogie aphid! The beech blight aphid will raise its hind end and sway! When disturbed, the whole colony will produce this action which creates a dance-like movement. 
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Observations by Virginia Master Naturalist Mike Grose
The last days of summer provide enjoyable weather for a walk along the Dragon Run. One of my delights is to find eastern tiger swallowtail butterflies, Papilio glaucus, congregating in a behavior called “puddling” along the banks of the swamp. While flower nectar provides a carbohydrate for energy and a little moisture, the wet soil and sand on the swamp banks furnish abundant moisture and nutrients, so essential for the butterfly’s short adult life. The life span of the eastern swallowtail is about two weeks which during this short period the adult must find a suitable and willing partner to mate – and if female, find a suitable host plant such as the black cherry, sweet bay and tulip poplar upon which to lay their eggs. Ahh, the wonder of life continues. Horsemint (Monarda punctata) or spotted bee balm is a native member of our Virginia flora. I often see it growing along the sunny dry upper banks of Dragon Run where it attracts numerous pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and various other insects. While somewhat common in our Coastal Plain, infrequent or rare elsewhere in Virginia. This great black digger wasp, Sphex pensylvanicus,is an active pollinator and lives in many areas across North America. The females nest underground and are natural hunters. The wasp brings paralyzed prey to their nest, for the larvae to feed on. When the wasp is feeding on the nectar of a flower, the flower’s pollen-laden anthers discharge pollen onto the back of the insect. The wasp moves to the next flower where the pollen becomes attached to the stigma, completing the transfer of gametes. |
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